Cattle Brands Registered to Free People of Color in the Attakapas District

Categories: Free People of Color (FPOC), Genealogy, History

Source: Website America’s Story from America’s Library. Originally obtained from Fleischhauer, Carl, photographer. “Branding Iron [35mm slide].” Date Recorded 79/10. Buckaroos in Paradise: Ranching Culture in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982, Library of Congress.

Cattle branding is a technic used among cattle ranchers to help distinguish their livestock from that of others. It involves the branding of the owner’s cattle symbol directly onto the body of the animal. A violent way to positively identify a living thing, I agree.

Anyway, below is a list of all cattle brands registered to free people of color (gens de couleur libres in Louisiana French) and freed people of color (affranchis, in Louisiana French) in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana.

Names appearing below in blue will have a small elevated numeral to the right of the entry. You can either hoover your mouse over the numeral (which may seem awfully close to another word; sorry about that), or click the numeral to be redirected to the footnote at the bottom of the page.

If you wish to see what the Latin descriptors (nègre, griffe, mulâtre, etc.) to in modern people, click here to go to another post on the site. Libre = free, affranchi(e)(s) = emancipated (not born free).

If you have more information to identify the people below, please respond below the post. 🙂

A

Alexandre, 1804
Alexandre, 1820
Alexandre-Charles, 1802 ¹Alexandre-Charles was surely Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, also known as Alexandre-Charles RAYMOND, Alex. R. FRANÇOIS and Alexander FRANÇOIS, mulâtre libre, was born in St. Martinville on 30 Oct 1810 and baptized 27 May 1812. His parents were François RAYMOND dit Marc, a merchant in St. Martinville, native of Pont-du-Saint-Esprit, France, and Magdeleine, négresse affranchie by François. Baptismal sponsors were Alexandre-Charles LANDRY of Switzerland and Mathilde PEYTAVIN (SM Ch v 6 #1350). He married 30 Nov 1833 in St. Martinville, the Creole named Adèle dite Delphine CHAUVET, mulâtresse libre, native of St. Martinville, daughter of Jacques CHAUVET of France and Charlotte, négresse libre (SM Ch v 7 #267). He served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1868, but not for long. He was beaten by brothers Gustave, Louis, Z., Valsin Fournet and nephew Louis Gary in St. Martin Parish 3rd May 1869 for publishing a letter on racism in the parish. See Gilles Vandal, Rethinking Southern Violence: Homicides in Post-Civil War Louisiana, 1866-1884 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000), 87, 143. He brought suit against the aforenamed: “Alex. R. Francois, (colored,) of the State Senate, has brought an action of $5000 damages, in the United States Court, against Valsin Fournet, Sheriff of the parish of St. Martin, and his brothers and a nephew, for assault and battery.” Source: The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), 8 May 1869, page 4, column 2 towards the bottom. The Senator died on 21 May 1869 in New Orleans from the brutal beating. But, Delphine FRANÇOIS, née CHAUVET, his widow, pursued the suit after his death: “Delphine Francois, colored, widow of Alexander R. Francois, late State Senator, brings suit against Valsin A. Fournet, G. G. [Gustave Godefroid] Fournet, L. P. [Louis Paul] Fournet, G. A. [Gabriel Antoine] Fournet, Z. [Zacharie] Fournet, Jules Garay, and L. Briant, of parish of St. Martin, La. The petition alleges that the above defendants did,, on 3d May, 1869, in aforesaid parish, unlawfully, wickedly, and with force and arms, beat, bruise and wound Alexander R. Francois, her lawful husband : that by reasons of which wounds and bruises, the said Francois did die at New Orleans on 21st May, 1869 ; that in consequence of the unlawful killing as aforesaid, she has been deprived of the society, protection and support of her said lawful husband ; that she cannot enforce her rights in the judicial tribunals of the State ; that by reason of the premises she has sustained damages to the amount of $25,000. Prays for judgement, etc. A. P. FIELD and J. B. WELLER, attorneys for the petitioner” in Times-Picayune, 19 June 1869, p 2, c 4, midway.
AMBROISE, Alexis, 1866
André, 1760 ²André is likely André MASSE, nègre affranchi, formally a slave of a Frenchman from Grenoble named André MASSE. He was born probably in West Africa around 1720. He was in a relationship with two Native Americans; Catherine “Catiche,” who was Chitiamacha; and, Labombe, also known as Marie-Thérèse, who was Caneci, originally from Natchitoches Parish.
André, 1780 ³This particular André is either the same as above, or another freed slave from the same owner as André MASSE above. If the latter, he was born around 1730, probably in what is now Senegal. He was more commonly known as Léveillé, and fathered several children with Marie-Flore, another freed slave from the same plantation and, like him, likely born in Senegal.
Arsène, 1789

B

BABINEAUX, Thomas, 1866
Balthazar, 1800 ⁴Possibly Balthazar SÉNET, also known as Balthazar SÉNETTE, homme de couleur libre. He was from near present-day Charenton, St. Mary Parish and was baptized in June 1795 (St Martin Church Baptêmes de couleur volume 1 #165). His parents were Jean Baptiste SÉNET fils and Marie JUPITER, griffe sauvagesse libre. Balthazar married (1) 5 Apr 1815 Émélie JUPITER, probably a cousin, daughter of unknown and Marie JUPITER (Franklin Courthouse Marriage #61). He married (2) Nov 1817 Jane McKINNEY (Franklin Cth #127).
BAPTISTE, Célestin, 1794
BENOÎT, Marie-Louise, 1848
BÉRARD, Louise, 1866
BONAIN, Charles, 1822 ⁵Charles BONAIN, more commonly known as Charles BONNET and as Charles MASSE, homme de couleur libre, was baptized in 1802 at St. Martin Church (SM Ch BC v 1 #557). He was a son of Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and of Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, both affranchis from St. Martin Parish. See note below for Louis Dauphiné MACE.
BOULERISSE, Jean Balthazar, 1826 ⁶Jean Balthazar BOULERISSE was born free on 10 Sept 1810 and baptized 13 Sept 1812. Baptismal sponsors were Joseph Faverot DE CLOUET and Caroline DE CLOUET, épouse à Mr. BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire. His parents were Jean-Baptiste BOULRIS (mother was an Indian) of Mobile, Alabama, and Marie NEUVILLE [DE CLOUET] – quarteronne libre (SM Ch v 6 #1391). He married (1) Adèle TCHAKATA or CHAKTA – sauvagesse Chata. Her succession is dated 1 Feb 1856 (SM Cth Succession #1513). He married (2) Marie Thérèse MAILHÉ. Balthasar BOULRIS [sic] died 28 Oct 1875 at age 67 (New Iberia St. Peter Church Funeral v 2 page 71).
BOUTTÉ, Marie, 1823
BOUTTÉ, Narcisse Philippe, 1797 ⁷Narcisse Philippe BOUTTÉ, griffe libre, also known as Charles dit Narcisse BOUTTÉ and in New Orleans, where he resettled, Charles Philippe BOUTTÉ was born circa 1790 on Bayou Tèche near New Iberia to Philippe “Philippot” BOUTTÉ, mulâtre affranchie and to Marie-Claire TACTIOR, négresse. In his survivor’s pension and subsequent widow’s pension for his service in the war of 1812, a sister-in-law named Mélite BOUTTÉ testified on the widow’s behalf and stated that his name was Charles Narcisse BOUTTÉ and that he and her husband were brothers. In New Orleans birth records, we find multiple births for François Philippe BOUTTÉ and Mélite LAVIGNE. The vitals and names of François and Charles corroborate census listings for the same men, though with different women and families, in St. Mary and St. Martin Parishes before 1860 where they lived among Philippe BOUTTÉ’s other children. He married (1) 3 Apr 1839 Magdeleine POGNON, négresse libre, daughter of Pinguin POGNON and unknown (NI Ch v 1 p 9). He married (2) 1 Jul 1861 in New Orleans, Julie CARMOUCHE, de couleur libre of New Orleans, also known as Julia CARMOUCHE. He died 20 Jan 1870 in New Orleans; enrolled in the War of 1812 on 3 Jan 1813 and was discharged on 13 Mar 1813. His widow, Julie CARMOUCHE, died 16 Aug 1883 in New Orleans. Source: War of 1812 Pension Applications. Washington D.C.: National Archives. NARA Microfilm Publication M313, roll 10. Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group Number 15; Pension # WO 12817, # WO 7674; Bounty Land # 113437 160 55.
BOUTTÉ, Pierre, 1817 ⁸Pierre BOUTTÉ is almost surely Pierre BOUTTÉ, mulâtre affranchi, native of La Côte-aux-Puces, present-day Grand Marais, near New Iberia; or his son, Eugène-Pierre BOUTTÉ. If the father, he was born a slave on 27 Sept 1775 and baptized 10 Jan 1779. His parents were André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ, native of Amiens or Bourseville, France, and Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse esclave belonging to Lalime. Baptismal sponsors were Antoine BOUTTÉ and Agathe PAINDEE (SM Ch v 1 p 69). He fathered children with 2 women simultaneously: (1) Hiacinthe LAPORTE, also known as Hiacinthe DE LA HOUSSAYE, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of Joseph LAPORTE of France and Éloïse DE LA HOUSSAYE – griffonne affranchie from Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE; (2) Adélaïde DARBY, also known as Adélaïde ST. MARC, négresse affranchie by Pierre. On 7 Sept 1813 Ursin Étienne DARBY sold Adélaïde, a 36 year old négresse, to Pierre for $1,200 (SM Cth OA v 28 #11). He emancipated Adélaïde, who was 37 years old, on 21 Jan 1815 (SM Cth Original Acts Book 28 #221). He had purchased 5 slaves (probably he and Hiacinthe’s children; unnamed) on 17 Feb 1809 from Louis le Pelletier le Chevalier de la Houssaye for $2,000 (SM Cth OA Book 24 #118). On 7 Sept 1813, Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE sold 3 slaves (Illegible, Éloïse, and Hyacinthe) to Pierre for $1,300 (SM Cth OA v 28 #12). In 1817, Pierre purchased from the DE LA HOUSSAYE and DARBY families, 7 slaves (Pierre, 20; Marcellin, 19; Mélidor, 18; Fanchon, 17; Mulot, 15; Adèle, 13; Delzinde, 12), all his natural children with Adélaïde, formerly a slave of the said DE LA HOUSSAYE and DARBY family, for the purpose of manumitting them. Purchase stipulated that the children would live as free until Pierre could formalize their emancipation, legally. His 2 brothers served as tutors or legal guardians with some of the children. Source: Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Slave Emancipations, database, lines 3733-3741). Pierre BOUTTÉ’s last will and testament are dated 22 Jan 1817, wherein he acknowledges paternity of children with both women. Succession is dated 14 Nov 1826 (Franklin Cth #152). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
BOUTTÉ, Rosette, 1792 ⁹Rosette BOUTTÉ is almost surely the same Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie, full sibling to Pierre above. She was born circa 1767, probably in or near New Orleans where her master/father then resided. She became the concubine of the New Orleans Creole, Claude FRILOT or FRILOUX dit St. Éloi, son of Michel FRILOUX and Marie FOUCHER, both natives of France. In her lifetime, Rosette amassed a fortune in land and slaves, and bore Claude at least a dozen children. Her descendants live in Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, and California, and found communities like Frilot Cove in St. Landry Parish (her son, Louis-Hilaire FRILOT, and grandson, Pierre Élicio FRILOT, founded the community). Rosette BOUTTÉ’s succession is dated 9 Feb 1859 and is nearly 200 pages long (Franklin Cth Succession v 52 #1003). Claude FRILOT died 20 Mar 1834 at age 69 (SM Ch v 5 p 31 #11), and his last will and testament are included in his succession dated 8 Sept 1834 (Franklin Cth #283, and #284).
BROUSSARD, François, 1786
BROUSSARD, John, 1866
BROUSSARD, Louis, 1866
BROUTIN, Charlotte, 1772 ¹⁰Charlotte BROUTIN, also known as Jeanne Charlotte BROUTIN, Juana BROUTIN and Carlota BROUTIN, quarteronne affranchie, was born circa 1760 in New Orleans, a slave of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré D’ESTRÉHAN de Beaupré. Her mother, Catherine D’ESTRÉHAN, also known as Catherine DÉTRAN, Catherine CAUX, Catalina DESTREHAN, mulâtresse, was also a slave of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré, and likely his daughter. Charlotte’s father appears to have been the royal engineer and colonial surveyor, Ignace-François BROUTIN fils. This may be Charlotte’s emancipation: On 14 Dec 1771 Juana Catalina petitioned her appraisal to Dionisio BRAND, executor of the estate of the deceased Juan Bautista DESTREHAN and Justice of the Peace of New Orleans. Juana Catalina wished to purchase her own freedom. Act of freedom granted in 1774 (Orleans Parish Notarial Acts, Almonaster y Roxas, 1771, #242). In St. Martinville, she married 12 Sept 1812 the New Orleans Creole named Marin Pierre LE NORMAND, son of Pierre Marin LE NORMAND – former bailiff of New Orleans and Marie BREST, also known as Marie BRETTE. Marin and Charlotte presented the following natural children to be legitimated: Modeste-Arthémise (29 yrs old) – spouse of Joseph Landry, Joseph Marin (26 yrs old), Alexandre-Norbert (23 yrs old), Charles Ursin (21 yrs old), Marie Modeste Aimée (18 yrs old) – spouse of Charles HENRIOT. Witnesses to nuptials were Dominique PRÉVOST, Marc-Antoine SABAROS and Charles-David HENRIOT (SM Ch v 5 #270).

C

CASIMIR, Jean-Baptiste, 1822 ¹¹Jean-Baptiste CASIMIR, also known as Jean-Baptiste-Casimir MÉNIAL and Jean-Baptiste-Casimir PINTA, homme de couleur libre, was born circa 1800 in Port-au-Prince, Saint-Domingue [Haiti] to Casemir MÉNIAL and Modeste RATTAU. In St. Martinville, he married 22 Dec 1822 Marie Pomélar OLIVIER, quarteronne libre, native of La Côte-aux-Puces (now called Grand Marais, near New Iberia), daughter of Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin de St. Maurice of Trois-Rivières, Quebec, and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse affranchie of New Orleans (SM Ch v 6 #312B). Jean-Baptiste-Casimir used MÉNIAL and PINTA interchangeably as surnames, but it appears that his biological father was in fact Casemir MÉNIAL. His mother, Modeste RATTAU, had a niece, Luce Henriette GRANDMAISON, also born in Port-au-Prince (baptized March 1787), who fled to Santiago, Cuba, where she began having children for a Frenchman from Clamesy, France named Jean-Baptiste PINTA. It appears that it was through Luce’s family that Jean-Baptiste-Casimir arrived in early national New Orleans. All of his and Pomélar’s children were baptized under the surname CASIMIR or CAZIMIR in St. Martinville, but most used PINTA as a surname in their adult lives. When Jean-Baptiste-Casimir and Pomélar married, he presented his parents as stated above. This family, with the exception of one son, relocated to Mexico throughout the 19th century, where their descendants still reside (along with California) today.
CALAIS, Françoise, 1866
CHALENBERT, Guillaume, 1803 ¹²He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
Chalinette, 1748 ¹³Very possibly the mother of Clémence OZENNE and Lucille OZENNE, quarteronnes affranchies. This 1748 year is likely a mistake, since only André MASSE and his slaves lived in the area and no civil or military district yet existed, thus no brand book for that early period. I could be wrong, though, as always. Nothing is known of Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave, mother of Clémence and Lucille, except that her projected birth year would be 1765 and that she was affiliated with the DÉCUIR and OZENNE families. She is not, however, the same as Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie, who was a contemporary of Clémence and Lucille, and who bore numerous children for brothers Joseph François OZENNE and Joseph Antoine Edmond OZENNE. François and Edmond’s father [Jacques-François OZENNE fils] was the same one who fathered Clémence and Lucille and who purchased them from Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR in 1798. Jacques-François OZENNE also owned Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC’s maternal family, who originally belonged to his father-in-law, Jean LABBÉ. Marie-Chalinette was a daughter of the négresse griffe slave Jeanneton, born in 1764. Since names were commonly recycled in families back then, it is very possible that Marie-Chalinette was named for a relative. Her mother, Jeanneton, did have a sister named Marie, born in 1766, who bore 2 children named Geneviève and Martin, both griffes, born in 1785 and 1787, respectively. Marie could be Chalinette, mother of Clémence and Lucille. On 21 Jul 1819, Louis-Charles DE BLANC and wife petitions for the freedom of Chalinette for good and faithful services (SM Cth OA v 33 #3904).
Chalinette, 1801
Chalinette, 1808
Charles, 1778
Charles, 1805
Charlotte, 1770 ¹⁴Charlotte is likely Charlotte DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre, also known as Chalinette, Charlotte LEISSARD, or Charlotte LEYSSARD, was born circa 1770, baptized 10 Nov 1785. Her parents were (probable) Joseph Alexandre François Chevalier DE CLOUET and (certain) Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie. Baptismal sponsors were Louis Bromier DE CLOUET and Christine BÉRARD (SM Ch v 3 #82). She bore children for (1) François BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire, native of Illinois, son of Jean-Baptiste BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire and Marguerite POYRET. She married c. 1807 Jacques-André FOURNIER – quarteron libre of New Orleans, son of André FOURNIER of France and Françoise LOUIS-HARANG – mulâtresse libre.
(Children of) Charlotte, 1789 ¹⁵Possibly same Charlotte as above note. By 1789, she had at least one known child, Charlotte BENOÎT, de couleur libre. Charlotte BENOÎT bore children for (1) Jean-Baptiste RIVIÈRE of France, (2) Unknown O’CONNOLY or CONDLEY of England, and (3) Célestin dit Isidore DE LA HOUSSAYE – mulâtre libre, son of unknown and Marguerite Orté Zaïre DE LA HOUSSAYE – négresse libre.
Charlotte, 1815
Claire, 1797
Clémence, 1780 ¹⁶Clémence is likely Clémence OZENNE, quarteronne libre, born circa 1789 to Jacques-François OZENNE of Pointe-Coupée, resident of the Attakapas District and Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse libre. On 18 Jan 1798, Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR sold Clémence and her sister Lucille (age 5) to François OZEINE [OZENNE] for $450. She was then 7 years old and both were described as mulâtresses (SM Cth OA b18).
COIRIN, 1789
COIRIN, Borait, 1825
COLBERT, Washington 1866
CRANE, Charlotte, 1789 ¹⁷Charlotte CRANE, mulâtresse libre, was born in February 1787 and emancipated by her father, an American or Englishman named Philip Ebenezer CRANE, on 20 Feb 1787. He recognized her as his natural daughter and declared her free at birth (SM Cth OA b5 #54). In New Orleans, Charlotte married on 27 September 1803 Narcisse ROCHON, also known as Jean Narcisse BOISDORÉ, mulato libre, born in 1778 in New Orleans, son of Jean Baptiste BARBEAU dit Boisdoré, native of New Orleans and Charlotte ROCHON, mulata libre, native of Mobile, Alabama. Witnesses were Noël CARRIÈRE, Commandant and Captain of the milicia de morenos [Militia of brown men], François D’ORVILLE – Commandant of the milicia de pardos [Militia of tan men] and Charles BRÛLÉ – Captain of the milicia de pardos (SLC M2 23).

D

DAVIS, Jean-Baptiste, 1866
DAY, Louis, 1867
DE CLOUET, Caroline, 1799
DE CLOUET, Francisque, 1816 ¹⁸Francisque DE CLOUET, also known as François DECLOUET, Francisco DE CLOUET, and Francis DE CLOUET, mulâtre libre, was born circa 1765 to unknown parents. He is listed as age 10 under the name “Francisco – mulâtre,” in the slave inventory of Alexandre DE CLOUET in 1777 at the Attakapas District. He may be the slave emancipated in 1794 (SM Cth Conveyances B15 #64). In St. Martinville, he married 23 May 1846 Marie-Anne “Nanette” MASSE, négresse libre, native of Bayou Tèche, daughter of Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse libre (SM Ch v 8 #294). Francisque died 23 Oct 1850 at age 90 (SM Ch v 5 p 198). Nanette died 4 Aug 1849 at age 60 (SM Ch v 5 p 186). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
DÉCUIR, Joséphine, 1809 ¹⁹Joséphine DÉCUIR is Joséphine CARRIÈRE, mulâtresse affranchie. She was born circa 1790 in St. Martinville and baptized 19 Mar 1797 at age 7. Her parents were Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi and Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse affranchie from Jean-Louis FARAULT de la Villebœuvre. Baptismal sponsors were Jean-Pierre DESCUIRS [sic] and Marie-Jeanne PRÉVOST (SM Ch BC #267). She bore children for Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR, son of Jean François DESCUIRS or DÉCUIRE of Troyes, France and Geneviève MAYEUX, a Louisiana Creole. Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR, after 40 days of public notice, did grant freedom to his mulatto slave, Joséphine, on 10 May 1809. Source: Glenn R. Conrad, The Attakapas Doomsday Book: Land Grants, Claims, and Certifications in the Attakapas District, 1764-1826 (Lafayette, La.: University of Southwest Louisiana, 1990), 80. Joséphine’s emancipation coincided with her cattle brand registry, all in the same year.
DE LA HOUSSAYE, Modeste, 1814 ²⁰Modeste DE LA HOUSSAYE, also known as Modeste LAPORTE, mulâtresse affranchie, was born circa 1784 to Joseph LA PORTE of France and Éloïse, griffe esclave of Louis le Pelletier le Chevalier DE LA HOUSSAYE. At age 30, she was emancipated on 26 July 1814, along with 2 children (Édouard, age 4; Clémentine, age 2) by Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE, tutor [legal guardian] of Théogène and Théodule DE LA HOUSSAYE; Jean DARBY, tutor of Thérence, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE; and Jacob HARRY, époux à Émérite DE LA HOUSSAYE. Source: Conrad, Doomsday, 158. On 14 Oct 1814, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE sold Zaïre (age 10) and Joséphine (age 7) to Modeste DE LA HOUSSAYE, f.d.c.l., their mother, for $800. Source: Conrad, ibid., 169. Modeste bore children for American planter William CARUTHERS and an unknown DE LA HOUSSAYE. She was later the longterm concubine of Alexandre LEMELLE, quarteron libre, captain of the mulâtre milita of the Attakapas District during the War of 1812, native of the Opelousas District, son of François LEMELLE or LEMESLE and his mulâtresse esclave named Léonore. Her descendants are in Louisiana and Haiti and are surnamed ROCHON, MARCHAND, DE LA HOUSSAYE, ABAT or ABATTE, BOISDORÉ, LAFONTAINE, DE PENNE, PINEAU, AUBRY, and BENOÎT.
Delphine, 1810 ²¹Delphine is likely the wife of Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, mentioned above in reference 1. Delphine “Adèle” CHAUVET, also known as Delphine CHAUVETTE was born circa 1807 in St. Martinville to French-born Jacques CHAUVET and Charlotte, négresse affranchie. On 9 Mr 1819, Jacques CHAUVET willed $2,000 to Charlotte and remainder of his estate to her children: Michel, Delphine, Charlotte, and François. Chauvet was a native of St-Germain in Poitou, France (SM Cth Estates b1 #323). At St. Martinville, she married 30 Nov 1833 Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, mulâtre libre, son of Raymond FRANÇOIS dit Marc of France and Magdeleine, négresse affranchie (SM Ch v 7 #267).
DRAKE, John, 1807
DREAK, Héronne [Aaron DRAKE], 1807
DREAK, Paul [Paul DRAKE], 1801
DUBUCLET, Antoine, 1787 ²²Antoine DUBUCLET, quarteron libre, was born circa 1774 in New Orleans to French-born Joseph Antoine DAUTERIVE du Buclet and Marie Félicité GRAVIER, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans, spouse of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré DESTRÉHAN – griffe libre. Jean-Baptiste-Honoré and Félicité married 7 Jun 1789 in New Orleans. Witnesses were Antonio XIMÉNEZ, Vicente LLORCA, and CALANDRO (SLC m3 p 7). The HONORÉ family of Pointe-Coupée, Bâton Rouge, and Iberville Parishes descend from Antoine’s half-siblings. Antoine married Rosalie BELLY, also known as Rose BELLY, mulâtresse libre, daughter of Pierre BELLY of France and Marie-Rose, négresse libre of the Nago nation, all residents of the Iberville District. Antoine’s connection to St. Martin Parish was through his father’s wife, Marie Marthe Céleste ST. MARC DARBY, whose brothers resided at the Attakapas District. Antoine died 27 Jan 1828 in Iberville Parish, succession dated 23 Dec 1829 and includes 22 slaves (Iberville Cth Successions #378). “Rosalie Belly, a free woman of color, presents to the court that she is the widow of the late Antoine Dubuclet, to whom she was ‘lawfully married’ and by whom she had eleven children, several of whom are still minors. She further presents that her husband’s estate is substantial, consisting of some community property and some property owned individually by her or her husband. Rosalie Belly Dubuclet, desirous of preserving the rights of her children as well as her own, asks to be confirmed as tutor of her underage children. She also suggests that an ‘under tutor’ be appointed for her minor children under the age of puberty and that the minor children above the age of puberty be allowed to choose their own ‘curator.’ She also asks for an ‘inventory and appraisement’ of the community property and the property of her late husband. Although a related petition indicates that Antoine Dubuclet may have been a man of mixed race, he and his children have been identified as ‘black’ in this petition, because no specific information is provided regarding their color. A related petition reveals that Antoine Dubuclet was a ‘mulatto.'” Source: http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/details.aspx?pid=7591 .
DURIBLOND, Céleste Peytavin, 1804 ²³Céleste PEYTAVIN du Riblond, mulâtresse libre, was born circa 1800 in St. Charles Parish to François Charles PEYTAVIN du Riblond of France and Marguerite VILLERÉ, négresse affranchie. In the Avoyelles District, on 20 Jan 1800, Charles PEYTAVIN emancipated 34 year old négresse Marguerite and their 4 month old mulâtresse daughter, Claire-Eulalie. They were the mother and sister of Céleste (Avoyelles Cth Conveyances #360). Charles had emancipated another sibling, the 18 month old mulâtre, Jean-Baptiste-Fortuné, at the Natchitoches Post on 03 Apr 1797 Natchitoches (Natchitoches Cth Conveyances). In St. Charles Parish, Céleste married 29 Sept 1819 Honoré ORSO, mulâtre affranchi, a native of New Orleans, resident of St. Martinville, son of Gianbautista “Jean-Baptiste-Antoine” ORSO of Italy and Françoise LIVAUDAIT or BEAUMONT, négresse esclave (SLBED M2 90).
DUSOUCHET, 1803
DYEL, James, 1807

E

EDWARDS, Louis, 1867
Euphrosine, 1780 ²⁴Probably Euphrosine MASSE, also known as Euphrosine SÉNET or SÉNETTE, négresse libre, born circa 1760 to Jean dit Ingui of the Manéga [Mandinga] nation and Marie of the Sénégal nation. She bore children for John Noah WHITE, a native of Ireland. She is a full sibling of Marianne MACE in the notes below, as well as Victoire MASSE, also called Victoire SÉNET or SÉNETTE, concubine of Andrés HERNÁNDEZ, native of Valladolid, Spain. Acknowledgements to Rodney Sam for helping to detangle this web!

F

Fanchon, 1776 ²⁵Franchon is likely Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse affranchie, born circa 1730 in New Orleans. She is the mother of the Pierre and Rosette BOUTTÉ in references 8 and 9 above. She bore several children for André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ of France, resident of the Attakapas District near New Iberia. André-Claude,satisfied with services and fidelity, conveyed a postmortem emancipation to the 50 year old négresse, on 30 May 1782. In gratitude, Fanchon promised to be “jusqu’à l’extinction de son maître être aussi soigneuse et fidelle pour ses intérêts que cy devant” (Eng. Trans: as careful and faithful as before until her master’s death) (SM OA Book 3 #13).
FONDAL, François, 1825 ²⁶François FONDAL or FONDALE, quarteron libre, was born in 1805 in New Orleans to Joseph FONDAL of France and Marie-Louise JEAN-MARIE, femme de couleur libre native of New Orleans. In St. Martinville, he married 12 Sept 1826 Marie Uranie FRANCISQUE, griffe libre, native of St. Martin Parish, daughter of Francisque DE CLOUET, the same one in note 15 above, mulâtre affranchie and Marie-Anne “Nanette” MASSE, négresse libre (SM Ch v 7 #29). He died 14 Feb 1853 at age 45 (SM Ch v 5 p 218).
FONDAL, Joseph, 1853 ²⁷Joseph FONDAL or FONDALE, de couleur libre, was born 13 Aug 1831 in St. Martin Parish, and baptized 15 Mar 1832. His parents were François FONDAL, quateron libre of New Orleans (see note above) and Marie Uranie FRANCISQUE, griffe libre (her father is Francisque DE CLOUET in note 15 above). Sponsors were Édouard ROCHON and Marie POYNON [sic] [POIGNON], gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 8 #170). In St. Martinville, he married on 28 Dec 1854 his first cousin [2nd degree consanguinity] Émilie FRANCISQUE, de couleur libre, daughter of Charles dit Pétion FRANCISQUE DE CLOUET, griffe libre and Marie-Françoise CASTILLE, quarteronne libre, all gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 9 #121). He married (2) 17 Feb 1883 Eulalie Charlotte BOUTTÉ (SM Ch v 10 p 467). He fathered a child with Agnès MITCHELL. Eulalie BOUTTÉ died 31 Jan 1931, age 100, widow of Joseph FONDAL (LA Deaths #3847; name: Ilalie BOUTET).
FONTENETTE, André, 1807 ²⁸André FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, was born a slave circa 1784 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. In St. Martinville, on 7 Sept 1818, Marie Nanette [Fontenette] – f.p.c., out of love and affection for her mother, Julie, a slave belonging to Marie Nanette [Fontenette], and because of the faithful service which Julie rendered to Marie’s late brother, André, son of Julie, Marie Nanette by this act grants freedom to her mother. Marie Nanette [Fontenette] stated that before he died her brother André [Fontenette] – f.p.c, had bought Julie, his mother, from Jacques Fontenette with the intention of manumitting her; however, André died before this could be accomplished. Now Marie Nanette [Fontenette], sole heir of André [Fontenette], manumits Julie (SM Cth Conveyances v 1B # 3626). He fathered children with Marianne GRÈVEMBERG, esclave négresse belonging to Euphrosine BOISDORÉ, widow of GRÉVEMBERG. At St. Martinville, on 2 Mar 1816, Euphrosine BOISDORÉ, widow of GRÉVEMBERG, sold to André FONTENETTE, free mulatto, whose bondsman was Petit Viltz (also a free mulatto), the 3 griffe children of Euphrosine’s slave, Mariane, namely André (age 12), Clarisse (7), and Valsin (2), for the purpose of manumitting them. Price: $900, 1/3 paid, 2/3 to be paid in a year (Conrad, Doomsday, 223). On 26 Aug 1817, André FONTENETTE, paid off what he owed on the aforementioned debt (Ibid., 283). He served as a corporal in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
FONTENETTE, Adéline, 1826 ²⁹Adéline FONTENETTE, griffonne affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE, was born circa 1803 to unknown and Marie Louise Magdeleine FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE (sister to André in note 24 above). Adéline died 21 Jul 1827 at her place on Isle à Labbé (outside of St. Martinville), buried 22 Jul 1827 in parish cemetery (SM Ch v 4 #1859). She bore children for Hyacinthe FONTENETTE, mulâtre esclave belonging to Jacques FONTENETTE.
FONTENETTE, Héloïse, 1809 ³⁰Héloïse FONTENETTE, also spelled Éloïse FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE, was born a slave circa 1800 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. Éloïse is a sister of André FONTENETTE in note 23 and Magdeleine FONTENETTE in note 25 above. She bore children for (1) Maurice ABAT, a merchant from New Orleans, (2) Honoré DARTÈS – mulâtre libre of St. Martin Parish, son of Jean d’HARTESSE of France and unknown, and (3) unknown WILTZ. She died 28 Jun 1833 at 35 years old (SM Ch v 5 p 28).
FONTENETTE, Zénon, 1797 ³¹François Zénon FONTENETTE, also known as Zénon FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, was born a slave circa 1778 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. He is not known to have married and have natural children. He is mentioned as an heir of his full brother, Charles dit Pétion FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, who died 7 Sept 1839 in St. Martin Parish. Pétion’s succession is dated 13 Feb 1840 and petitioners included: Joseph FONTENETTE, his brother who resided in St. Mary Parish; Marie-Louise FONTENETTE, his mother and resident of said parish; Zénon FONTENETTE, his brother, also a resident of said parish; Pierre “Pierrot” FONTENETTE, his brother, also a resident of St. Mary Parish; Hortense [Caroline-Hortance dite Pouponne] FONTENETTE, his sister, wife of Philippe “Petit” WILTZ, residents of St. Martin Parish; sisters Geneviève and Nanette FONTENETTE, both unmarried and residents of said parish; and nephews Norbert ABAT, Leufroy WILTZ, and Honoré DARTÈS, children of his deceased sister, Éloïse FONTENETTE. André is not included because he was already deceased at the death of his mother, and his children were never legitimated in civil or parochial marriage with Marianne GRÉVEMBERG (SM Cth Successions #901). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
FOURNIER, André, 1789 ³²André FOURNIER, also known as Jacques-André FOURNIER and Jacques FOURNIER, quarteron libre, was born circa 1770 in New Orleans to André FOURNIER of France and Françoise LOUIS, also known as Françoise HARANG, mulâtresse libre. He fathered children with Charlotte “Chalinette” DE CLOUET mentioned in note 12 above, also known as Charlotte LEISSARD and Charlotte LAYSSARD, quarteronne libre, daughter of (probable) Joseph Alexandre François Chevalier DE CLOUET, also known as Alexandre DE CLOUET, and (certain) Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie from Alexandre DE CLOUET. Succession of Jacques FOURNIER dated Nov 1821 (Opél Cth Successions #245). Succession of Charlotte DE CLOUET dated 18 Aug 1851 (SM Cth Successions #1300).
François, 1823
Françoise, 1792
FRÉDÉRIC, Charles, 1851
FRILOT, Azélie, 1822 ³³Françoise Azélie FRILOT, quarteronne libre, also known as Azélie FRILOT or Asélie FRILOT, was born circa 1809, probably in New Orleans, to Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie in note 9 above. In Franklin, she married 24 Jul 1828 Honoré OLIVIER, quarteron libre of La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia, son of Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin of Trois-Rivières, Québec, and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans (Franklin Cth Marriages #428). Parochial matrimony took place at what is now St. Martin de Tours Catholic Church in St. Martinville, on 4 Aug 1828. Witnesses were: her brother, Aimé [Philippe-Aimé] FRILOT; Jean ROCHON, Jean LACOSTE, Alexandre LEMELLE, Honoré ORSO, and Vincent ARNEAUD [Joseph Vincent ARNAUD], her sister Arthémise FRILOT’s concubine (SM Ch v 7 #87).
FRILOT, Carmézile, 1802 ³⁴Carmésile Carmélite FRILOT, quarteronne libre, was born at La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia on 12 Jan 1813 and baptized 28 Jun 1817. She was a niece of Françoise Azélie FRILOT in note 29 above, a grand-niece to Pierre BOUTTÉ and Rosette BOUTTÉ in notes above, and great-granddaughter to Fanchon in note 21. Her parents were François FRILOT, quarteron libre of La Côte-aux-Puces and Rose-Aimée BOUGÈRE, quarteronne libre. Baptismal sponsors were uncle Ursin FRILOT and her maternal grandmother, Séraphine (SM Ch v 7 #175). In St. Martinville, she married 19 Jan 1828 Casimir OLIVIER, quarteron libre, son of Charles OLIVIER de Vézin of Trois-Rivières, Québec and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans. Witnesses were Alexandre LEMELLE [note 17], Charles BOISDORÉ [note 17], Jean ROCHON, Jean-Baptiste-Cazemir [note 11], all gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 7 #74).
FRILOT, François, 1816 ³⁵François FRILOT, quarteron libre, was born at La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia in 1785 to Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie in note 9 above. He fathered children with sisters Rose-Aimée BOUGÈRE and Charlotte BOUGÈRE, both quarteronnes libres, daughters of Georges BOUGÈRE or BOUGIÈRE and Séraphine, mulâtresse libre. François died 1 Mar 1854 (NI Ch v 1 p 34).
FUSELIER, Pélagie, 1793 ³⁶Pélagie FUSELIER, also known as Félicité Pélagie FUSELIER and Pélagie GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre, was born 9 Feb 1772 in St. Martin Parish, and baptized 13 Jul 1772. Her parents were Guillaume FUSELIER, mulâtre libre and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre, both from the Attakapas District. Baptismal sponsors were Pierre, probably Stix, nègre esclave belonging to Mr. [Gabriel] FUSELIER, and Ludivine, mulâtresse esclave also belonging to Gabriel FUSELIER (SM Ch v 1 p 24). She bore children for Charles “Charlot” SCADRON alias ST. PIERRE, also known as Charles ESCADRON, native of Illinois. His succession was dated 10 Dec 1838 (Laf Cth Succession #359).

G

Geneviève, 1802 ³⁷Possibly Geneviève JEAN-LOUIS, négresse affranchie, daughter of Jean-Louis, nègre affranchi of the Congo nation, was born circa 1786. In 1893, Jean-Baptiste BROUSSARD sold Jean-Louis, nègre, his freedom for 400 pesos [self-purchase for freedom]. Source: Hall, free database, line 1753. On 1st Mar 1808, Jean-Louis purchased his daughter Geneviève, from Amant [Édouard Armand] BROUSSARD, in which document Jean-Louis stipulated that Geneviève would earn her freedom upon his death. Source: ibid., line 3162, found in Conrad, Doomsday, v 2, pt 1, p 71. Jean-Louis died 11 Apr 1834.
GREENE, Joseph Sénégal, 1866
GRÉVEMBERG, Célestin, 1794 ³⁸Alexandre dit Célestin GRÉVEMBERG, also known as Célestin GRÉVEMBERG, quarteron libre, was born circa 1772 [probably in the Attakapas District], and baptized 9 May 1799. His parents were (one of the GRÉVEMBERG brothers of Lac Flamand/Spanish Lake) and Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie [note 28]. He was a half-brother of Charlotte “Chalinette” DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre. Baptismal sponsors were Alexandre DE CLOUET fils and Louise DE CLOUET (Opél Ch v 1a p 30). He fathered children with Marinette LÉDÉ, griffonne libre from St. Martin Parish, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi from Jean-François LÉDÉ of France and Thérèse, négresse affranchie, emancipated by Louis LÉDÉ. Succession dated 20 Sept 1841 (SM Cthse marriage #1141). He served as a sergeant in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
GRÉVEMBERG, Claude, 1816
GUILLAUME, Pierre, 1776 ³⁹Pierre GUILLAUME, also known as Pierre FUSELIER, mulâtre libre, was born circa 1776 in the Attakapas District, and was baptized 31 Mar 1777. His parents were Guillaume FUSELIER, mulâtre libre and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre, both from the Attakapas District. He was a full sibling to Félicité Pélagie FUSELIER in note 32 above. Baptismal sponsors were Pierre – mulâtre libre and Françoise – esclave (Opél Ch v 1A p 11).
GUILLORY, Joseph, 1778 ⁴⁰Possibly Joseph GUILLORY, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave in circa 1769 . la Mobile to Jean Joseph Grégoire GUILLORY, also known as Gregorio GUILLORY, native of Mobile, Alabama, and his négresse affranchie, Marguerite, also known as Margarita, negra. Gregorio began proceedings to emancipate Margarita, negra, and 2 mulato children on 31 Dec 1770. It was rejected in New Orleans but granted in 1782. Source: Orleans, Notorial Acts, Almonaster y Roxas, #203; Louisiana Historical Quarterly XV, 545; Hall, free database, lines 181-83. See the 1777 census of the Attakapas and Opelousas Districts, also: his older siblings, Jean-Baptiste and Catherine, mulâtres, are in the household of Jean-Baptiste GUILLORY. Joseph fathered children with Marie DE LA VIGNE, de couleur libre. He married 19 Apr 1803 Louise CHEVAL MEUILLON, mulâtresse libre. Louise’s father was Jean Baptiste CHEVAL, also known as Jean Baptiste MEULLION, mulâtre affranchi from St. Charles Parish, freed from Louis Augustin MEUILLON in 1770. Her mother, Angélique, négresse affranchie, was also from St. Charles Parish, and also formerly a slave of Louis Augustin MEUILLON (Opel Ch v 1 p 164). Joseph’s succession is dated 3 Jul 1854 (Opel Cth Successions #1840).

H

HAMILTON, Columbus, 1866
HENRY, Adam, 1866

I

ISABEY, Jean, 1823
ISABEY, Louis, 1823

J

JAMES, Charles, 1807
Jean-Baptiste-Charles, 1865
Jean-Louis, 1797 ⁴¹In 1893, Jean-Baptiste BROUSSARD sold Jean-Louis, nègre, his freedom for 400 pesos [self-purchase for freedom] (SM Cth Conveyances b14 #112). He fathered children with négresses esclave of Édouard Armand BROUSSARD and Simon BROUSSARD.
JEAN-LOUIS, Amand, 1810
JEAN-PIERRE, François, 1866
JIM, John, 1866
JIMBY, Marie, 1808
(Children of) Julien, 1824
JOHNSTON, Edmond, 1865
Joseph, 1810

K

KERLÉGAND, Baptiste, 1826 ⁴²Baptiste KERLÉGAND, also known as Jean Baptiste DE KERLÉGAND, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1805 in St-Louis, Missouri or Sainte-Geneviève, Illinois to Louis GUIHO de Kerlégand of Martinique and Félicité KERLÉGAND, négresse esclave belonging to Jean-René GUIHO de Kerlégand. He married (1) 14 Aug 1833 Marie Lucille Alice FRILOT, quarteronne libre of La Côte-aux-Puces, daughter of Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi of New Orleans and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie. Alice was a sibling of François FRILOT in note 31 above (SM Ch v 7 #256). He married (2) 27 Jul 1835 Florence OZENNE – mulâtresse libre, daughter of Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette DE BLANC, griffe affranchie (SM Ch v 7 #337). He married (3) 4 Dec 1869 Lucille ST. JULIEN, daughter of Tréville ST. JULIEN and Louisa (SM Ch v 10 #123).

L

LAVILLEBŒUVRE, Charles, 1802 ⁴³Charles LAVILLEBŒUVRE is Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi, formerly a slave of Jeanne DARBY, wife of Commandant Jean Louis Fidèle “Juan” FARAULT de la Villebœuvre, was born circa 1750 to unknown parents. His partner was Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse esclave belonging to François DÉCUIR. On 15 Feb 1790, in New Orleans, Juan DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE emancipated María, negra, age 45, for much love, affection and good services (Orleans Parish, Notarial Acts, Pédesclaux Papers # 80). Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE was emancipated in the Attakapas District in 1799 by Jeanne DARBY, veuve Jean Louis Fidèle FARAULT de la Villebœuvre (SM Cth Conveyance b19 #54).
LAVILLEBAUF, Émérente, 1826 ⁴⁴Émérente LAVILLBAUF is Émérente CARRIÈRE, also called Emerentiana in Spanish language documents, and Émérente CHARLES, griffonne affranchie was born Aug 1798, baptized 13 Oct 1799 at age 14 months. Her parents were Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi above in previous note, and Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse affranchie, same mentioned in previous note (SM Ch BC #421). She bore children 2 children for Godefroy DÉCUIR, brother of Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR mentioned previously, sons of François DÉCUIR and Marie Magnon LABBÉ, both of Pointe-Coupée and residents of the Attakapas District.
LAVIOLETTE, Pierre, 1850 ⁴⁵Pierre LAVIOLETTE fils, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave circa 1786 in New Orleans to Pierre LAVIOLETTE père and Françoise LIVAUDAIT, also called Françoise BEAUMONT and Francisca BEAUMONT, négresse affranchie, native of Africa. Pierre fils’s half brother was Honoré ORSO (see note above). He married in New Orleans (1) Arthémise CARRIÈRE, négresse libre of New Orleans, daughter of Noël CARRIÈRE, Captain of the Negro Militia of New Orleans, and Marianne THOMAS, both nègres libres native to New Orleans. The CARRIÈREs are discussed in several studies: Emily Clark, The Strange History of the American Quadroon: Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 71-95; Kimberly S. Hanger, Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial Society, 1769-1803 (Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 51, 74, 94-95, 121-130. He married in St. Martinville (2) 5 Feb 1840 Cécile LÉDÉ, griffe libre, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre libre (see note below) and Clémence, négresse esclave (SM Ch v 8 #156).
LÉDÉ, François, 1802 ⁴⁶Jean-François LÉDÉ, griffe affranchi was born c. 1782 to Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi from Jean-François LÉDÉE of France, and Thérèse, négresse affranchie from the same owner. See next note for more.
LÉDÉ, Louis, 1782 ⁴⁷Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave in c. 1750 and baptized 8 Jan 1766. His parents were (presumed) Jean-François LÉDÉE of France, his owner, also called François LÉDÉ, and Jean-François’s négresse esclave Françoise. Baptismal sponsors were Jean-Baptiste, nègre and Françoise, négresse (SM Ch v 1 p 16). Jean-François LÉDÉE of France’s 1785 last will and testament states: Item 22: I give to my mulatto named Louis his liberty without any restrictions after my death in recognition of his faithful service since childhood. Item 23: In virtue of his freedom, I intend that Louis buy and free his five children by my negress Thérèse (age 35), to whit: Louison (10), Françoise (7), Thérèze (6), Jean-François (4), and Marinette (2). Louis is to receive 2,000 piastres. Item 24: I want Louis to buy my negress slave Françoise. Source: “Marriage Conracts, Wills & Testaments of the Spanish Colonial Period in New Orleans, 1770-1804” trans. by Charles R. Maduelle, Jr., the following under wills & testaments: Juan Francisco LEDE, Mar. 11, 1785, Orleans Parish, Notarial Acts, Fernando RODRÍGUEZ papers, v 4, p 2176; Jean-François’s succession is dated 1785 and filed in St. Martinville, containing the aforementioned will and testament (SM Cth OA v 4½ #67). In 1785, Solomon MALINES, executor of the will of François LÉDÉE, manumitted Louis for good and faithful services (SM Cth OA v 4 #92). Louis fathered children with Thérèse, négresse affranchie from Jean-François LÉDÉE. He also fathered children with Clémence, négresse esclave belonging to Gustave and Balthasar DE LA HOUSSAYE (same brothers mentioned in note 19 above). Louis’s last will and testament are dated 27 Aug 1814 (SM Cth Successions #163 *missing from Courthouse). Succession dated 1 Jul 1834 (Second Will and Testament included: SM Cth Successions #759). On 4 May 1796 Louis LÉDÉE declared that he received from Ignace FERNÁNDEZ Y VALESCO the sum of 234 piastres which FERNÁNDEZ loaned him from the estate of François LÉDÉE for the purpose of buying the liberty of his wife and children. LÉDÉE promised to repay the sum at the end of 1796. Louis DE CLOUET acted as surety for LÉDÉE (SM Cth OA v 18 #4). On 7 Sept 1815, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE sold to Louis LÉDÉE a mulatto named Henry (age 3) and a mulatto girl (10 months, no doubt Marie Cécile LÉDÉ, wife of Pierre LAVIOLETTE in note 42). Price: $300 (Conrad, Conveyances Records of the Attakapas Country, vol 2 pt 1). On 28 Aug 1819, Balthasar DE LA HOUSSAYE sold to Louis LÉDÉ, de couleur libre, a 3 year old négrillon named Alexandre for 400 piastres (SM Cth OA v 33 #3932). In total, Louis fathered 5 children with Thérèse (Louison, Françoise Louise “La petite,” Thérèze, Jean-François, and Marinette), 4 children with Clémence (Jean, Henry, Marie Cécile, Narcisse Julien) and 1 son named Louis with a slave named Clarisse. Through them, all of the BONNETs, GATHEs, JOLIVETTEs, New Iberia’s COLLETTEs, Grand Marais’s DE LA HOUSSAYEs and LÉDETs, and some of the SÉNÉGALs, BOUTTÉs, and many others, all descend from Louis LÉDÉ.
LÉDÉ, Thérèse, 1802 ⁴⁸Thérèze LÉDÉ, also spelled Thérèse, griffonne affranchie from her father Louis LÉDÉ in note above, was born circa 1780. No known children or marriages.
LEMELLE, Victoire, 1812 ⁴⁹Victoire LEMELLE, also Victoire LEMEL, quarteronne affranchie, was born a slave circa 1780 in the Opelousas District to (presumed) François LEMELLE, III, and his mulâtresse esclave Léonore. Emancipation date unknown, but Léonore was in François LEMELLE’s slave inventory in the 1777 census, as was Victoire’s brother, Bertrand. Possibly emancipated after the deaths of her/their masters, François LEMELLE and Charlotte Christine LABBÉ: Charlotte L’ABBÉ died 10 Dec 1787 at age 62 (Opel Ch v 1 p 3). Succession dated 18 Jul 1789 (LSAR: Opél 1789). François LEMELLE, III died 18 Sept 1789 (Opel Ch v 1 p 12). Successions dated 12 Dec 1789 (LSAR Opél 1789); and 14 Dec 1789; lists 3 children (LSU Archives Opél #15). Last Will and Testament dated 16 Jul 1789 (LSU-E Opél 1789). Victoire bore one child for Colonel Francisco CASO Y LUENGO, Commandant of the Attakapas District, native of Viscaye, Kingdom of Navarre, Spain.
Lise, 1797 ⁵⁰Possibly Louison LÉDÉ, also known as Louise and Lise, griffonne affranchie was born a slave circa 1775 to Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi and Thérèse, négresse affranchie (see note for Louis LÉDÉ above). She married Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also called Louis BONNET, mulâtre libre, son of Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse libre.
Lisette, 1760 ⁵¹Without a doubt, Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie, formerly a slave of André MASSE of Grenoble, France, an early trader among Native Americans, was born circa 1735, probably in Senegambia or Guinea. She bore many children for a mysterious Pierre MASSE. She, along with the dozen of other slaves belonging to MASSE, half from West Africa, half Creoles, were the very first community of freed slaves in southwest Louisiana (1760s-1770s). Lisette and Pierre’s children were: Magdeleine (mulâtresse or griffe), Françoise (mulâtresse or griffe), Louis “Dauphiné” (mulâtre or griffe), Pierre “Bonhomme” (nègre), Claude (nègre), Dominique (nègre), Marie-Anne “Nanette” (négresse) and Jean-François (nègre).
Lisette, 1797 ⁵²See note for Lise Bonhomme MACE
Louis cadet, 1866
Louis Narcisse, 1866
Louis Oscar, 1867
Louis Marcelin, 1866
Lubin, 1812
Ludivine, 1830 ⁵³Possibly Ludivine “Divine” WILTZ, mulâtresse affranchie from Louis VEILLON fils, who was born in 1818 in St. Martin Parish to Charles WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, and Rose VEILLON, esclave. Divine married 8 May 1851 Jacques RENEAUD, quarteron libre, son of Dominique RENEAUD of France and Eulalie GUIDRY – de couleur libre (SM Ch v 8 #408).

M

MACE, Lisette Bonhomme, 1793 ⁵⁴Lisette Bonhomme MACE, also known as Lise MASSE and Lisette MASSE, griffe libre, was born circa 1793 to Pierre “Bonhomme” MASSE and Marianne-Marguerite MASSE (see note for Marianne MACE below). She married 4 May 1819 her 1st cousin, Jean-Baptiste MORALES, de couleur libre, son of Juan MORALES of the Canary Islands and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre. Witnesses were Émile ROUSILLON, Louis DUSOUCHET, Joseph Fortuné DE PENN[E], Noël [MORALES] – bride’s brother, Magadeleine MORALES – groom’s sister (SM Ch v 6 #145).
MACE, Louis “Dauphiné” 1806 ⁵⁵Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, mulâtre or griffe libre, was born a slave circa 1760 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse, slaves of André MASSE of Grenoble, France. Probably freed by private act between 1762 and 1771. He fathered children with Louison LÉDÉ – griffonne libre, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ – mulâtre affranchi and Thérèse – négresse affranchie, both former slaves of Jean-François LÉDÉ of France. Their descendants use both MASSE and BONNET surnames, in addition to GATHE and its many derivatives.
MACE fils, Louis, 1806 ⁵⁶Jean Louis “Coco” MASSE, also known as Jean-Louis BONNET, Jean-Louis BONNIN, and Louis MASSE fils, de couleur libre was born circa 1798. He fathered children with two twin sisters, (1) Arthémise GATHE and (2) Émilie GATHE, daughters of Christophe GATHE of Kolmans, Germany and Marie Magdeleine TAYLOR of Hagerstown, Pennsylvania, residing at Le Pont de la Butte, St. Martin Parish. Coco and the 2 sisters inhabited the same dwelling in an area between Breaux Bridge and Lafayette named for him: Cocoville. Alexandre BARDE discusses white attitudes about Coco’s open relationship with 2 white sisters with whom he fathered at least 20 children. Further information can be found in his War of 1812 pension application.
MACE, Marianne, 1793 ⁵⁷Marianne MACE, also known as Marianne-Marguerite MASSE and Marguerite MASSE, négresse esclave, was born in 1741 to Jean dit Ingui, nègre of the Manéga [Mandinga] nation and Marie, négresse of the Sénégal nation; all 3 slaves of Mr. [André] MASSE. Marianne was baptized 5 Jun 1756 at age 15 yrs old (SM Ch v 1 p 2). This could also be Marianne-Marguerite’s daughter, Marianne SAZÉMÉ, griffe sauvagesse, born circa 1775 to Sazémé, an Indian, and Marianne-Marguerite. Marianne SAZÉMÉ bore 5 children for Canary Islander, Juan MORALES, who also fathered children with sisters Françoise and Magdeleine MASSE, mulâtresses affranchies, sisters of Dauphiné and Bonhomme discussed above. Jean dit Ingui married Marie on 7 Jun 1756 in the Attakapas District (SM Ch Marriage v 1 #1).
MACE, Thérèse 1806 ⁵⁸Thérèse MACE, also spelled Thérèse MASSE and known as Marie-Thérèse BONNET and Marie-Thérèse BONNIN, de couleur libre, was born circa 1797, and baptized in 1800. Her parents were Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all de couleur libres (SM Ch BC v 1 #500). She bore children for (1) André GATHE, son of Christophe GATHE of Germany and Marie Magdeleine TAYLOR of Pennsylvania; and for unknown MOUTON.
MACE, Zénon 1793 ⁵⁹Zénon MACE, also spelled Zénon MASSE, nègre affranchi, was born circa 1771 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie. He was a full sibling of Bonhomme, Dauphiné, Magdeleine, Françoise, and Jean-François MASSE. He died in 1812 with no known marriages or children (SM Ch v 1S p 452).
Magdeleine, 1812
Manon, 1778
Marie, 1804
Marie griffe, 1796
Marie-Jeanne, 1802
Marie-Josèphe, 1778
Marie-Louise, 1780
MARTAIN, Thomas, 1868
MARTIN, François, 1811
MASIE, Céleste, 1808 ⁶⁰Probably Céleste MASSE, also known as Céleste BONNET and Céleste BONNIN, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1800 and baptized in 1800. Her parents were Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all de couleur libres (SM Ch BC v 1 #501). She was the concubine of François SÉNÉGAL, her first cousin once removed, son of François RENÉ and Françoise GUILLAUME, all 3 mulâtres libres.
MOREL, Émile Baptiste, 1849
MORRIS, Joseph, 1867
MORSE, Robert, 1867
MOSSE, Jean-François, 1794 ⁶¹Jean-François MASSE, nègre affranchi, was born circa 1769 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie. No known marriages or children.
MORANNE, Jean-Baptiste, 1793 ⁶²Possibly Jean-Baptiste MORALES, de couleur libre, was born circa 1793 and was baptized in 1795. His parents were Juan MORALES of the Canary Islands and Marianne SAZÉMÉ, griffe sauvagesse libre (SM Ch Baptêmes de couleur v 1 #175).

N

NELSON, Julien, 1866
NEUVILLE, Céleste, 1803 ⁶³Either: Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre, who was born circa 1774 to Guillaume FUSELIER and Françoise MASSE, both mulâtres affranchis. She bore children for (1) Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET, son of Alexandre Chevalier DE CLOUET and Louise DE FAVROT; (2) Ursulo OLIBEROS, known in Francophone documents as Ursul OLIVIER, quarteron libre of Havanna, Cuba, son of Antonio OLIBEROS of Seville, Spain, also known as Antoine OLIVIER, and Juana Josefa DEL CASTILLO of Havanna, Cuba, also known as Jeanne Josèphe CASTILLE. Or, Céleste GUILLAUME and Neuville DE CLOUET’s daughter: Marie NEUVILLE, quarteronne libre, who was born circa 1794. She married 11 Sept 1809 Jean-Baptiste BOULRIS, métis of Mobile, Alabama, son of Nicolas BOULRIS of Canada and Marie-Magdeleine SABOURDIN, a sauvagesse. Witnesses were Jean-Antoine GARIGON, Henry PEINTARD, Hyacinthe JACQUET, GARRIGUES de Fleaujac (SM Ch v 5 #162). Marie died 13 May 1854 at age 60 in Charenton (Charenton Ch v 1 p 15).
NEUVILLE, Charles, 1808 ⁶⁴Charles Préféré DE CLOUET, also known as Préféré NEUVILLE and Préféré DE CLOUET or DÉCLOUETTE, quarteron libre, was born circa 1800 to Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. He married 3 Sept 1827 his 1st cousin Aspasie SCADRON, also known as Aspasie ESCADRON, quarteronne libre, daughter of Charles SCADRON alias ST. PIERRE, native of Illinois and Félicité Pélagie GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. Witnesses were Jean-Baptiste PRAT, Alexandre LEMELLE, Jean ROCHON. Couple legitimized Balthasar, quarteron libre, born 25 May 1825 (SM Ch v 7 #60).
NEUVILLE, Hyacinthe, 1826 ⁶⁵Hyacinthe NEUVILLE, also known as Hyacinthe DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre, was born circa 1802 to Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre.
No known marriages nor children.
NORMAND, Ursin, 1804 ⁶⁶Ursin NORMAND, also known as Charles Ursin LE NORMAND, de couleur libre, was born circa 1791 in New Orleans to Pierre Marin LE NORMAND and Jeanne Charlotte BROUTIN, quarteronne libre of New Orleans (see note for Charlotte BROUTIN above). He fathered one son with Louise Modeste CHAMPAGNE, daughter of Pierre CHAMPAGNE and Geneviève LAMBERT of St. Charles Parish. He married 29 Nov 1823 Marie-Louise-Adéline LE SASSIER, quarteronne libre of St. Charles Parish but resident of St. Landry Parish, daughter of Jean LE SASSIER and Eléonore RILLIEUX, all gens de couleur libres (Opel Ch). Ursin died 23 Feb 1845 at age 62 (Opel Ch v 2 p 43). Succession dated 27 Dec 1854 (SM Cth Successions #1451).

O

OLIVIER, Julie 1816 ⁶⁷Scholastique Julie OLIBEROS, also known as Julie FUSELIER and Julie OLIVIER, quarteronne libre, was born 10 Feb 1809 to Ursulo OLIBEROS of Havana, Cuba, and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. She was baptized 10 Jan 1809. Baptismal sponsors were [her grandfather] Guillaume FUSELIER and [half sister] Hyacinthe DE CLOUET (SM Ch v 6 #929). She bore children for (1) Alexandre-Narcisse JEAN-PIERRE, also known as Alexandre-Narcisse SÉNETTE, de couleur libre of New Orleans, son of Jean-Pierre SÉNETTE – quarteron affranchi and unknown; (2) Louis Joseph JOURNÉE, mulâtre libre, son of Pierre JOURNÉE of Môle Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Domingue, and Eugénie PROVOST, both mulâtres libres.
OLIVIER, Zénon 1816 ⁶⁸Zénon DUBREUIL OLIVIER, also known as Zénon OLIVIER, quarteron libre, was born in 1790 in New New Orleans to Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin de St. Maurice of Trois-Rivières, Quebec and Adélaïde DUBREUIL, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans. He married 14 Apr 1812 Marie-Modeste FRILOT, quarteronne libre, daughter of Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse libre, residents of La Côte-aux-Puces (SM Ch v 5 #256). Served as sergeant in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET. He also declared receiving a pension for his service: see page 37.
OZENNE, François, 1820 ⁶⁹François OZENNE, quarteron libre, was born circa 1812, and baptized 31 Aug 1817. His parents were Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie. Baptismal sponsors were Ursin OZENNE and Émélite DESCUIRS, épouse à Hilaire DESCOUX (SM Ch v 7 #197). He died 20 Mar 1832 at age 19 (SM Ch v 5 p 14 #8).
OZENNE, Locadie, 1812 ⁷⁰Léocadie OZENNE [twin sister is Florence] – quarteronne libre was born 13 Feb 1812, baptized in 1813. His parents were Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie. She was a full sibling of François OZENNE in the note above. Baptismal sponsors were Martin AUBRY and Eulalie FORCELLE (SM Ch BC #488). She married 28 Dec 1839 Célestin William CARUTHERS, also known as Célestin WILLIAM, quarteron libre, son of William CARUTHERS and Marie-Jeanne CARRIÈRE, mulâtresse libre (SM Ch v 8 #151).
OZENNE, Lucille, 1804 ⁷¹Lucille OZENNE, quarteronne affranchie, was born circa 1793 in the Attakapas District to Jacques-François OZENNE and Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave belonging to Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR. She married 19 Nov 1811 Martin AUBRY, quarteron libre of New Orleans, son of Martin AUBRY and Marguerite-Cécile [VILLERÉ, affranchie of St. Charles Parish]. Witnesses were Pierre CUVELIER, Louis CHEMIN, Peter REGNIER, Charles [CARRIÈRE?] – mulâtre libre (SM Ch v 5 #228).
OZENNE, Marie, 1793 ⁷²Probably Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave, mother of Lucille OZENNE in above note, and Clémence [OZENNE] in note 15.

P

Philippe, 1792 ⁷³Either: Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père, mulâtre affranchi, who was born circa 1778 to André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ and Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse affranchie (see note for Fanchon above). He married 12 May 1828 Marie-Antoinette, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of unknown and Jeanne “Jeanette,” négresse libre. Witnesses were Honoré ORSO, Honoré OLIVIER, Aimé FRILOT, all hommes de couleur libres (SM Ch v 7 #84). On 5 May 1802, the griffe slave Antoinette, aged 30 years, petitioned her master, Antoine BOUTTÉ (Philippeau’s older half-brother), to purchase the freedom of herself, and her 3 daughters: Henriette (age 6), Adélaïde (4) and Céleste (2) (SM OA Book 21). Marie-Antoinette died 1 Jun 1828 at age 50 (SM Ch v 4 #1905). He died 28 Oct 1838; succession dated 20 Dec 1838 (Franklin Cth Succession #387).
PHILIPPOT, Marie-Louise ⁷⁴Marie-Louise PHILIPPOT, known more commonly as Marie-Louise BOUTTÉ, de couleur libre, was born circa 1802 to Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père, and Marie-Antoinette, both mulâtres affranchis. She married 28 Aug 1817 Jean Baptiste, mulâtre libre, son of unknown and Marianne, négresse libre (SM Ch v 6 #55).
PHILIPPOT, Philippe, 1815 ⁷⁵Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ fils, mulâtre libre was born circa 1795 to Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père and Marie-Antoinette, both mulâtres affranchis. He married 31 May 1834 Marianne-Pélagie [GRÉGOIRE], griffe sauvagesse, daughter of Grégoire MASSE, griffe sauvage and Marie-Anne-Cécile – sauvagesse Chétimacha. Seven children legitimated (Pierre, Lucille, Céline, Célima, Charles, Françoise, Philippe) (SM Ch v 7 #289). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET. You can view his pension application here.
Pierre, 1760 ⁷⁶Pierre MASSE, the concubine of Lisette MASSE in note 49.
PINKENEY, Henry 1867
Préféré, 1808 ⁷⁷Same as note 62 for Charles NEUVILLE.
PRÉVOSS, Baptiste, 1811 ⁷⁸Jean Baptiste PRÉVOST, also known as Baptiste PROVOST or PROVÔT, mulâtre libre was born circa 1785 in the Pointe-Coupée District. He married 26 Oct 1802 Judithe LAPOINTE, also known as Judithe DESHÔTELS, mulâtresse libre of the Opelousas District, daughter of Nicolas LAPOINTE of Pointe-Coupée and Marie Barbé DE LA MIRANDE, négresse libre (Opel Ch v 1 p 155).
PRÉVOSS, Henry, 1810 ⁷⁹Probably an undocumented sibling of Baptiste in the note above.

R

REGINO, Joseph, 1798
ROBERT, Aaron, 1866
ROBERTS, Isaac, 1866
Romaine, 1802
Rose, 1794
Rosette, 1793
Rosette, 1823 ⁸⁰Possibly Rosette MASSE, also known as Rosette BONNET, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1823 to Jean-Louis MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and unknown mother. She was the concubine of Pierre PITRE. Rosette died 26 Jan 1884 at age 60 (BB Ch v 2 p 59). Succession dated 24 Sept 1884 (SM Cth Successions #2594).

S

SEMME, Louis, 1812 ⁸¹Louis SEMME, also spelled Louis SEM and Louis SAM, was born circa 1781 to unknown parents, and was freed (with Pierre SAM, nègre) on 14 Dec 1811 by “Magdeleine MASSE, négresse libre, veuve Étienne SAM, mulâtre libre” (SM Cth OA b2). Magdeleine MASSE is a daughter of Lisette above in note 48. Étienne SAM is Étienne Pierre Samuel “Sam” FUSELIER, mulâtre libre, full brother of Guillaume FUSELIER in note 34. Two brothers married 2 MASSE sisters. Louis married Élisabeth “Babet” MASSE, also known as Élisabeth SÉNET or SÉNETTE, femme de couleur libre, on 3 Nov 1836. She was a daughter of unknown and Françoise LÉVEILLÉ, sometimes called Françoise MASSE, négresse libre (Opel Cth Notary b2 #80). Acknowledgements to Rodney Sam for helping to detangle this web, also!
SÉNÉGAL, Edmond, 1868
SÉNÉGAL, Marie-Louise, 1840 ⁸²Possibly Marie-Louise RENÉ, also known as Marie-Louise SÉNÉGAL, mulâtresse libre, who was born in 1820 and baptized 18 Jan 1824 at age 4 years (Laf Ch v 1 p 26). Her parents were François SÉNÉGAL, sometimes François RENÉ, mulâtre affranchi, and his cousin, Céleste BONNET, sometimes Céleste MASSE, mulâtresse libre. She bore children for her cousin, Henri BONNET, de couleur libre, son of Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, sometimes Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, both affranchis.
SÉNÉGAL, Joseph Greene, 1866
SIMON, Françoise, 1801
ST. JULIEN, Ernest, 1866 ⁸³Ernest ST. JULIEN, quarteron esclave, was born Dec 1841 to Paul Léon ST. JULIEN of La Côte Gelée, Lafayette Parish, and Madeleine DE LA HOUSSAYE, mulâtresse esclave. He married 9 May 1872 Alphonsine PINEAU, daughter of Alphonse PINEAU and Marie-Louise-Angélina LEMELLE (SM Ch v 10 #475).

T

TÉODON, Hany, 1866
Thérèse, 1805
THOMAS, Casimir, 1868
TRAHAMP, Elesabeth, 1793
TRAHAMP, François, 1815 ⁸⁴Possibly François SÉNÉGAL, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1805 to François RENÉ, also known as François TRAHAN, mulâtre affranchi, and Françoise GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre (see note for her above). He fathered children with his 1st cousin once removed, Céleste BONNET, also known as Céleste MASSE, de couleur libre, daughter of Louis BONNET, also known as Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all affranchis. François SÉNÉGAL had a son named Ursin SÉNÉGAL, born in 1835, which leads me to believe that Ursin TRAHAMP below is connected to this family without my knowledge or documentation of his existence. François SÉNÉGAL died 11 Apr 1860 at age 54 (Laf Ch v 4 p 126). Céleste BONNET died 11 Apr 1860 at age 50 (Laf Ch v 4 p 86).
TRAHAMP, Ursin, 1804

V

VITAL, Rosalie, 1867 ⁸⁵Rosalie “Finette” VITAL, sometimes called Finette GRANDPRÉ, mulâtresse affranchie, was born circa 1808 in the Attakapas District to Carlos VIDAL de Grandpré of Cuba and Charlotte DUBUCLET, négresse esclave. Rosalie and her mother belonged to Clair DAUTERIVE du Buclet (see entry for Antoine DUBUCLET above). She bore children for: (1) Eugène Nicolas PELLERIN de Sainte-Marie, also known as Eugène PELLERIN, son of Louis PELLERIN and Jeanne Julie DÉCOUX. Eugène died 31 Oct 1867. Rosalie bore children for (2) John LEE. She died 12 Aug 1896 at age 96 (NI Ch v 3 p 59).
VITAL, Victor, 1867

W

WASHINGTON, Alexandre, 1866
WISSE, Charles, 1811 ⁸⁶Charles WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1785, a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST and Anne-Catherine WILTZ. Charles’s parents were Joseph WILTZ (Anne-Catherine’s brother) and a négresse esclave belonging to Armand and Anne-Catherine, named Françoise. At St. Martinville on 5 April 1793, Joseph WISSE purchased from his brother-in-law Louis Armand DUCREST and his wife Catherine WISSE, the following slaves: Françoise (age 38), Moïse (9), Philippe (7), Julie (5), Charles (3), Naserre [Nazaire] (2) for 3,000 pesos (Midlo Hall Slave Database Lines 30630-35). At St. Martinville in 1794 Joseph SWISSE [sic] emancipates the négresse Françoise (age 40), whom SWISSE had purchased from Armand DUCREST on 4 April 1793 (Midlo Hall Free Database Line 1824). He fathered children with Rose VEILLON – esclave belonging to Louis VEILLON fils.
WISSE, François, 1811 ⁸⁷Possibly Charles WILTZ’s older sister: Françoise WILTZ, mulâtresse affranchie from Louis Armand DUCREST, was baptized 24 Nov 1774. Baptismal sponsors were Baptiste LALONDE and Anne Marie-Rose DOZAT (SM Ch v 1 p 43).
WISSE, Nazer, 1824 ⁸⁸Joseph Nazaire WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1782 a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST and Anne-Catherine WILTZ. His parents were Joseph WILTZ (Anne-Catherine’s brother) and the DUCREST-WILTZ négresse esclave named Françoise. Nazaire was a full sibling of Charles and Françoise above. He fathered children with Marie, mulâtresse libre. He died 2 Jun 1856 (SM Ch v 5 p 247). Succession dated 9 Jun 1857 (SM Cth Succession #1565). Notes for Nazaire’s succession: Revealed the four children herein listed below as his natural children and only heirs. Mother’s name not included in document. He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
WISSE, Philippe, 1805 ⁸⁹Philippe WILTZ fils, also called Petit WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1779 a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST.His parents were Philippe WILTZ (Anne-Catherine and Joseph WILTZ’s brother) and the DUCREST-WILTZ négresse esclave named Françoise.At St. Martinville on 5 April 1793, Joseph WISSE purchased from his brother-in-law Louis Armand DUCREST and his wife Catherine WISSE, the following slaves: Françoise (age 38), Moïse (9), Philippe (7), Julie (5), Charles (3), Naserre [Nazaire] (2) for 3,000 pesos (Midlo Hall Slave Database Lines 30630-35). At St. Martinville in 1794 Joseph SWISSE [sic] emancipates the négresse Françoise (age 40), whom SWISSE had purchased from Armand DUCREST on 4 April 1793 (Midlo Hall Free Database Line 1824). He married 23 Feb 1808 Caroline-Hortance “Pouponne” FONTENETTE, also known as Hortance or Hortense FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie. See notes for André and Zénon FONTENETTE for more on Caroline-Hortance’s siblings and parents. Witnesses were Honoré ORSO, Jean-Antoine GARRIGON, Alexandre [Alexandre-Charles] LANDRY of Switzerland, Hyacinthe JACQUET of France (SM Ch v 5 #114). He served as a corporal in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.

Z

Zaïre, 1809 ⁹⁰Zaïre, also known as Marguerite Orté Zaïre DE LA HOUSSAYE, négresse affranchie, was born circa 1753 [likely in New Orleans] to Sorlingue or Sorlingues and Thérèse, all slaves belonging to Paul-Augustin DE LA HOUSSAYE. She bore at least one son for an unknown DE LA HOUSSAYE. On 7 Sep 1816 in St. Martinville, Zaïre, négresse libre of St. Martin Parish, freed her son: Pardevant moi, Paul Briant, Juge de la Paroisse St Martin du comté des Attakapas dans l’Etat de la Louisiane et en présence des témoins ci après nommés et soussignés ; fut présente en personne Zaïre, négresse libre de la dite Paroisse, la quelle a déclaré et confessé qu’en considération de la tendre affection qu’elle a pour son fils mulâtre nommé Isidore, son esclave, le quel est mentionné dans la déclaration ci annexée, et en considération de la bonne conduite qu’il a tenue et des bons et fidèles services qu’il a rendus à ses anciens maîtres et maîtresses, Messieurs et Dames Delahoussaye, ainsi que ceux qu’il lui a rendus et la conduite qu’il a tenue depuis qu’il est son esclave ; Elle l’a affranchi et lui donne la liberté et par ces présentes de son propre et plein gré, elle affranchit et donne la liberté au sus dit mulâtre nommé Isidore, abandonnant et renonçant dès à présent et pour toujours à tous ces droits, prétentions et réclamations sur le dit mulâtre nommé Isidore, voulant et entendant que dorénavant il soit libre. Duhamel, témoin. Zaïre x (sa marque ordinaire), négresse libre. Ls. Lengois, témoin Paul Briant, Juge de la Paroisse St Martin. My trans. into English: Before me, Paul Briant, Judge of St Martin Parish, Attakapas County in the State of Louisiana, in the presence of the witnesses hereinafter named and undersigned; Appeared in person Zaïre, free negress of the said Parish, who, in consideration of the tender affection she has for her mulatto son named Isidore, her slave mentioned in the declaration hereto attached, and in consideration for the good conduct and loyal services to his former masters and mistresses, the Delahoussayes, and in consideration of the comportment he maintained since being her slave; She [Zaïre] emancipated and gives him freedom and herein present of her own free will, she emancipates and gives freedom to the aforementioned mulatto named Isidore, abandoning and renouncing henceforth and forever all rights, expectations and complaints on the said mulatto named Isidiore, wishing and understanding that he be henceforth free. Duhamel, witness. Zaïre x (her ordinary mark). free negress. Ls. Lengois, witness. Paul Briant, St Martin Parish Judge (SM Cth Conveyance b1A p 237 #2987). Marguerite Zaïre dite DE LA HOUSSAYE, femme de couleur libre, died 6 March 1836 at age 106 yrs (SM Ch v 5 p 55 #12). Age highly exaggerated. A suburb of colonial and early national St. Martinville, called Faubourg Zaïre, was named for her.
ZERBAN, Elizabeth, 1866

References [ + ]

1.	↑	Alexandre-Charles was surely Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, also known as Alexandre-Charles RAYMOND, Alex. R. FRANÇOIS and Alexander FRANÇOIS, mulâtre libre, was born in St. Martinville on 30 Oct 1810 and baptized 27 May 1812. His parents were François RAYMOND dit Marc, a merchant in St. Martinville, native of Pont-du-Saint-Esprit, France, and Magdeleine, négresse affranchie by François. Baptismal sponsors were Alexandre-Charles LANDRY of Switzerland and Mathilde PEYTAVIN (SM Ch v 6 #1350). He married 30 Nov 1833 in St. Martinville, the Creole named Adèle dite Delphine CHAUVET, mulâtresse libre, native of St. Martinville, daughter of Jacques CHAUVET of France and Charlotte, négresse libre (SM Ch v 7 #267). He served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1868, but not for long. He was beaten by brothers Gustave, Louis, Z., Valsin Fournet and nephew Louis Gary in St. Martin Parish 3rd May 1869 for publishing a letter on racism in the parish. See Gilles Vandal, Rethinking Southern Violence: Homicides in Post-Civil War Louisiana, 1866-1884 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000), 87, 143. He brought suit against the aforenamed: “Alex. R. Francois, (colored,) of the State Senate, has brought an action of $5000 damages, in the United States Court, against Valsin Fournet, Sheriff of the parish of St. Martin, and his brothers and a nephew, for assault and battery.” Source: The Times-Picayune (New Orleans), 8 May 1869, page 4, column 2 towards the bottom. The Senator died on 21 May 1869 in New Orleans from the brutal beating. But, Delphine FRANÇOIS, née CHAUVET, his widow, pursued the suit after his death: “Delphine Francois, colored, widow of Alexander R. Francois, late State Senator, brings suit against Valsin A. Fournet, G. G. [Gustave Godefroid] Fournet, L. P. [Louis Paul] Fournet, G. A. [Gabriel Antoine] Fournet, Z. [Zacharie] Fournet, Jules Garay, and L. Briant, of parish of St. Martin, La. The petition alleges that the above defendants did,, on 3d May, 1869, in aforesaid parish, unlawfully, wickedly, and with force and arms, beat, bruise and wound Alexander R. Francois, her lawful husband : that by reasons of which wounds and bruises, the said Francois did die at New Orleans on 21st May, 1869 ; that in consequence of the unlawful killing as aforesaid, she has been deprived of the society, protection and support of her said lawful husband ; that she cannot enforce her rights in the judicial tribunals of the State ; that by reason of the premises she has sustained damages to the amount of $25,000. Prays for judgement, etc. A. P. FIELD and J. B. WELLER, attorneys for the petitioner” in Times-Picayune, 19 June 1869, p 2, c 4, midway.
2.	↑	André is likely André MASSE, nègre affranchi, formally a slave of a Frenchman from Grenoble named André MASSE. He was born probably in West Africa around 1720. He was in a relationship with two Native Americans; Catherine “Catiche,” who was Chitiamacha; and, Labombe, also known as Marie-Thérèse, who was Caneci, originally from Natchitoches Parish.
3.	↑	This particular André is either the same as above, or another freed slave from the same owner as André MASSE above. If the latter, he was born around 1730, probably in what is now Senegal. He was more commonly known as Léveillé, and fathered several children with Marie-Flore, another freed slave from the same plantation and, like him, likely born in Senegal.
4.	↑	Possibly Balthazar SÉNET, also known as Balthazar SÉNETTE, homme de couleur libre. He was from near present-day Charenton, St. Mary Parish and was baptized in June 1795 (St Martin Church Baptêmes de couleur volume 1 #165). His parents were Jean Baptiste SÉNET fils and Marie JUPITER, griffe sauvagesse libre. Balthazar married (1) 5 Apr 1815 Émélie JUPITER, probably a cousin, daughter of unknown and Marie JUPITER (Franklin Courthouse Marriage #61). He married (2) Nov 1817 Jane McKINNEY (Franklin Cth #127).
5.	↑	Charles BONAIN, more commonly known as Charles BONNET and as Charles MASSE, homme de couleur libre, was baptized in 1802 at St. Martin Church (SM Ch BC v 1 #557). He was a son of Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and of Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, both affranchis from St. Martin Parish. See note below for Louis Dauphiné MACE.
6.	↑	Jean Balthazar BOULERISSE was born free on 10 Sept 1810 and baptized 13 Sept 1812. Baptismal sponsors were Joseph Faverot DE CLOUET and Caroline DE CLOUET, épouse à Mr. BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire. His parents were Jean-Baptiste BOULRIS (mother was an Indian) of Mobile, Alabama, and Marie NEUVILLE [DE CLOUET] – quarteronne libre (SM Ch v 6 #1391). He married (1) Adèle TCHAKATA or CHAKTA – sauvagesse Chata. Her succession is dated 1 Feb 1856 (SM Cth Succession #1513). He married (2) Marie Thérèse MAILHÉ. Balthasar BOULRIS [sic] died 28 Oct 1875 at age 67 (New Iberia St. Peter Church Funeral v 2 page 71).
7.	↑	Narcisse Philippe BOUTTÉ, griffe libre, also known as Charles dit Narcisse BOUTTÉ and in New Orleans, where he resettled, Charles Philippe BOUTTÉ was born circa 1790 on Bayou Tèche near New Iberia to Philippe “Philippot” BOUTTÉ, mulâtre affranchie and to Marie-Claire TACTIOR, négresse. In his survivor’s pension and subsequent widow’s pension for his service in the war of 1812, a sister-in-law named Mélite BOUTTÉ testified on the widow’s behalf and stated that his name was Charles Narcisse BOUTTÉ and that he and her husband were brothers. In New Orleans birth records, we find multiple births for François Philippe BOUTTÉ and Mélite LAVIGNE. The vitals and names of François and Charles corroborate census listings for the same men, though with different women and families, in St. Mary and St. Martin Parishes before 1860 where they lived among Philippe BOUTTÉ’s other children. He married (1) 3 Apr 1839 Magdeleine POGNON, négresse libre, daughter of Pinguin POGNON and unknown (NI Ch v 1 p 9). He married (2) 1 Jul 1861 in New Orleans, Julie CARMOUCHE, de couleur libre of New Orleans, also known as Julia CARMOUCHE. He died 20 Jan 1870 in New Orleans; enrolled in the War of 1812 on 3 Jan 1813 and was discharged on 13 Mar 1813. His widow, Julie CARMOUCHE, died 16 Aug 1883 in New Orleans. Source: War of 1812 Pension Applications. Washington D.C.: National Archives. NARA Microfilm Publication M313, roll 10. Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, Record Group Number 15; Pension # WO 12817, # WO 7674; Bounty Land # 113437 160 55.
8.	↑	Pierre BOUTTÉ is almost surely Pierre BOUTTÉ, mulâtre affranchi, native of La Côte-aux-Puces, present-day Grand Marais, near New Iberia; or his son, Eugène-Pierre BOUTTÉ. If the father, he was born a slave on 27 Sept 1775 and baptized 10 Jan 1779. His parents were André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ, native of Amiens or Bourseville, France, and Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse esclave belonging to Lalime. Baptismal sponsors were Antoine BOUTTÉ and Agathe PAINDEE (SM Ch v 1 p 69). He fathered children with 2 women simultaneously: (1) Hiacinthe LAPORTE, also known as Hiacinthe DE LA HOUSSAYE, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of Joseph LAPORTE of France and Éloïse DE LA HOUSSAYE – griffonne affranchie from Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE; (2) Adélaïde DARBY, also known as Adélaïde ST. MARC, négresse affranchie by Pierre. On 7 Sept 1813 Ursin Étienne DARBY sold Adélaïde, a 36 year old négresse, to Pierre for $1,200 (SM Cth OA v 28 #11). He emancipated Adélaïde, who was 37 years old, on 21 Jan 1815 (SM Cth Original Acts Book 28 #221). He had purchased 5 slaves (probably he and Hiacinthe’s children; unnamed) on 17 Feb 1809 from Louis le Pelletier le Chevalier de la Houssaye for $2,000 (SM Cth OA Book 24 #118). On 7 Sept 1813, Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE sold 3 slaves (Illegible, Éloïse, and Hyacinthe) to Pierre for $1,300 (SM Cth OA v 28 #12). In 1817, Pierre purchased from the DE LA HOUSSAYE and DARBY families, 7 slaves (Pierre, 20; Marcellin, 19; Mélidor, 18; Fanchon, 17; Mulot, 15; Adèle, 13; Delzinde, 12), all his natural children with Adélaïde, formerly a slave of the said DE LA HOUSSAYE and DARBY family, for the purpose of manumitting them. Purchase stipulated that the children would live as free until Pierre could formalize their emancipation, legally. His 2 brothers served as tutors or legal guardians with some of the children. Source: Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Slave Emancipations, database, lines 3733-3741). Pierre BOUTTÉ’s last will and testament are dated 22 Jan 1817, wherein he acknowledges paternity of children with both women. Succession is dated 14 Nov 1826 (Franklin Cth #152). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
9.	↑	Rosette BOUTTÉ is almost surely the same Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie, full sibling to Pierre above. She was born circa 1767, probably in or near New Orleans where her master/father then resided. She became the concubine of the New Orleans Creole, Claude FRILOT or FRILOUX dit St. Éloi, son of Michel FRILOUX and Marie FOUCHER, both natives of France. In her lifetime, Rosette amassed a fortune in land and slaves, and bore Claude at least a dozen children. Her descendants live in Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, and California, and found communities like Frilot Cove in St. Landry Parish (her son, Louis-Hilaire FRILOT, and grandson, Pierre Élicio FRILOT, founded the community). Rosette BOUTTÉ’s succession is dated 9 Feb 1859 and is nearly 200 pages long (Franklin Cth Succession v 52 #1003). Claude FRILOT died 20 Mar 1834 at age 69 (SM Ch v 5 p 31 #11), and his last will and testament are included in his succession dated 8 Sept 1834 (Franklin Cth #283, and #284).
10.	↑	Charlotte BROUTIN, also known as Jeanne Charlotte BROUTIN, Juana BROUTIN and Carlota BROUTIN, quarteronne affranchie, was born circa 1760 in New Orleans, a slave of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré D’ESTRÉHAN de Beaupré. Her mother, Catherine D’ESTRÉHAN, also known as Catherine DÉTRAN, Catherine CAUX, Catalina DESTREHAN, mulâtresse, was also a slave of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré, and likely his daughter. Charlotte’s father appears to have been the royal engineer and colonial surveyor, Ignace-François BROUTIN fils. This may be Charlotte’s emancipation: On 14 Dec 1771 Juana Catalina petitioned her appraisal to Dionisio BRAND, executor of the estate of the deceased Juan Bautista DESTREHAN and Justice of the Peace of New Orleans. Juana Catalina wished to purchase her own freedom. Act of freedom granted in 1774 (Orleans Parish Notarial Acts, Almonaster y Roxas, 1771, #242). In St. Martinville, she married 12 Sept 1812 the New Orleans Creole named Marin Pierre LE NORMAND, son of Pierre Marin LE NORMAND – former bailiff of New Orleans and Marie BREST, also known as Marie BRETTE. Marin and Charlotte presented the following natural children to be legitimated: Modeste-Arthémise (29 yrs old) – spouse of Joseph Landry, Joseph Marin (26 yrs old), Alexandre-Norbert (23 yrs old), Charles Ursin (21 yrs old), Marie Modeste Aimée (18 yrs old) – spouse of Charles HENRIOT. Witnesses to nuptials were Dominique PRÉVOST, Marc-Antoine SABAROS and Charles-David HENRIOT (SM Ch v 5 #270).
11.	↑	Jean-Baptiste CASIMIR, also known as Jean-Baptiste-Casimir MÉNIAL and Jean-Baptiste-Casimir PINTA, homme de couleur libre, was born circa 1800 in Port-au-Prince, Saint-Domingue [Haiti] to Casemir MÉNIAL and Modeste RATTAU. In St. Martinville, he married 22 Dec 1822 Marie Pomélar OLIVIER, quarteronne libre, native of La Côte-aux-Puces (now called Grand Marais, near New Iberia), daughter of Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin de St. Maurice of Trois-Rivières, Quebec, and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse affranchie of New Orleans (SM Ch v 6 #312B). Jean-Baptiste-Casimir used MÉNIAL and PINTA interchangeably as surnames, but it appears that his biological father was in fact Casemir MÉNIAL. His mother, Modeste RATTAU, had a niece, Luce Henriette GRANDMAISON, also born in Port-au-Prince (baptized March 1787), who fled to Santiago, Cuba, where she began having children for a Frenchman from Clamesy, France named Jean-Baptiste PINTA. It appears that it was through Luce’s family that Jean-Baptiste-Casimir arrived in early national New Orleans. All of his and Pomélar’s children were baptized under the surname CASIMIR or CAZIMIR in St. Martinville, but most used PINTA as a surname in their adult lives. When Jean-Baptiste-Casimir and Pomélar married, he presented his parents as stated above. This family, with the exception of one son, relocated to Mexico throughout the 19th century, where their descendants still reside (along with California) today.
12.	↑	He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
13.	↑	Very possibly the mother of Clémence OZENNE and Lucille OZENNE, quarteronnes affranchies. This 1748 year is likely a mistake, since only André MASSE and his slaves lived in the area and no civil or military district yet existed, thus no brand book for that early period. I could be wrong, though, as always. Nothing is known of Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave, mother of Clémence and Lucille, except that her projected birth year would be 1765 and that she was affiliated with the DÉCUIR and OZENNE families. She is not, however, the same as Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie, who was a contemporary of Clémence and Lucille, and who bore numerous children for brothers Joseph François OZENNE and Joseph Antoine Edmond OZENNE. François and Edmond’s father [Jacques-François OZENNE fils] was the same one who fathered Clémence and Lucille and who purchased them from Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR in 1798. Jacques-François OZENNE also owned Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC’s maternal family, who originally belonged to his father-in-law, Jean LABBÉ. Marie-Chalinette was a daughter of the négresse griffe slave Jeanneton, born in 1764. Since names were commonly recycled in families back then, it is very possible that Marie-Chalinette was named for a relative. Her mother, Jeanneton, did have a sister named Marie, born in 1766, who bore 2 children named Geneviève and Martin, both griffes, born in 1785 and 1787, respectively. Marie could be Chalinette, mother of Clémence and Lucille. On 21 Jul 1819, Louis-Charles DE BLANC and wife petitions for the freedom of Chalinette for good and faithful services (SM Cth OA v 33 #3904).
14.	↑	Charlotte is likely Charlotte DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre, also known as Chalinette, Charlotte LEISSARD, or Charlotte LEYSSARD, was born circa 1770, baptized 10 Nov 1785. Her parents were (probable) Joseph Alexandre François Chevalier DE CLOUET and (certain) Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie. Baptismal sponsors were Louis Bromier DE CLOUET and Christine BÉRARD (SM Ch v 3 #82). She bore children for (1) François BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire, native of Illinois, son of Jean-Baptiste BENOÎT de Sainte-Claire and Marguerite POYRET. She married c. 1807 Jacques-André FOURNIER – quarteron libre of New Orleans, son of André FOURNIER of France and Françoise LOUIS-HARANG – mulâtresse libre.
15.	↑	Possibly same Charlotte as above note. By 1789, she had at least one known child, Charlotte BENOÎT, de couleur libre. Charlotte BENOÎT bore children for (1) Jean-Baptiste RIVIÈRE of France, (2) Unknown O’CONNOLY or CONDLEY of England, and (3) Célestin dit Isidore DE LA HOUSSAYE – mulâtre libre, son of unknown and Marguerite Orté Zaïre DE LA HOUSSAYE – négresse libre.
16.	↑	Clémence is likely Clémence OZENNE, quarteronne libre, born circa 1789 to Jacques-François OZENNE of Pointe-Coupée, resident of the Attakapas District and Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse libre. On 18 Jan 1798, Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR sold Clémence and her sister Lucille (age 5) to François OZEINE [OZENNE] for $450. She was then 7 years old and both were described as mulâtresses (SM Cth OA b18).
17.	↑	Charlotte CRANE, mulâtresse libre, was born in February 1787 and emancipated by her father, an American or Englishman named Philip Ebenezer CRANE, on 20 Feb 1787. He recognized her as his natural daughter and declared her free at birth (SM Cth OA b5 #54). In New Orleans, Charlotte married on 27 September 1803 Narcisse ROCHON, also known as Jean Narcisse BOISDORÉ, mulato libre, born in 1778 in New Orleans, son of Jean Baptiste BARBEAU dit Boisdoré, native of New Orleans and Charlotte ROCHON, mulata libre, native of Mobile, Alabama. Witnesses were Noël CARRIÈRE, Commandant and Captain of the milicia de morenos [Militia of brown men], François D’ORVILLE – Commandant of the milicia de pardos [Militia of tan men] and Charles BRÛLÉ – Captain of the milicia de pardos (SLC M2 23).
18.	↑	Francisque DE CLOUET, also known as François DECLOUET, Francisco DE CLOUET, and Francis DE CLOUET, mulâtre libre, was born circa 1765 to unknown parents. He is listed as age 10 under the name “Francisco – mulâtre,” in the slave inventory of Alexandre DE CLOUET in 1777 at the Attakapas District. He may be the slave emancipated in 1794 (SM Cth Conveyances B15 #64). In St. Martinville, he married 23 May 1846 Marie-Anne “Nanette” MASSE, négresse libre, native of Bayou Tèche, daughter of Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse libre (SM Ch v 8 #294). Francisque died 23 Oct 1850 at age 90 (SM Ch v 5 p 198). Nanette died 4 Aug 1849 at age 60 (SM Ch v 5 p 186). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
19.	↑	Joséphine DÉCUIR is Joséphine CARRIÈRE, mulâtresse affranchie. She was born circa 1790 in St. Martinville and baptized 19 Mar 1797 at age 7. Her parents were Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi and Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse affranchie from Jean-Louis FARAULT de la Villebœuvre. Baptismal sponsors were Jean-Pierre DESCUIRS [sic] and Marie-Jeanne PRÉVOST (SM Ch BC #267). She bore children for Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR, son of Jean François DESCUIRS or DÉCUIRE of Troyes, France and Geneviève MAYEUX, a Louisiana Creole. Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR, after 40 days of public notice, did grant freedom to his mulatto slave, Joséphine, on 10 May 1809. Source: Glenn R. Conrad, The Attakapas Doomsday Book: Land Grants, Claims, and Certifications in the Attakapas District, 1764-1826 (Lafayette, La.: University of Southwest Louisiana, 1990), 80. Joséphine’s emancipation coincided with her cattle brand registry, all in the same year.
20.	↑	Modeste DE LA HOUSSAYE, also known as Modeste LAPORTE, mulâtresse affranchie, was born circa 1784 to Joseph LA PORTE of France and Éloïse, griffe esclave of Louis le Pelletier le Chevalier DE LA HOUSSAYE. At age 30, she was emancipated on 26 July 1814, along with 2 children (Édouard, age 4; Clémentine, age 2) by Louis DE LA HOUSSAYE, tutor [legal guardian] of Théogène and Théodule DE LA HOUSSAYE; Jean DARBY, tutor of Thérence, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE; and Jacob HARRY, époux à Émérite DE LA HOUSSAYE. Source: Conrad, Doomsday, 158. On 14 Oct 1814, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE sold Zaïre (age 10) and Joséphine (age 7) to Modeste DE LA HOUSSAYE, f.d.c.l., their mother, for $800. Source: Conrad, ibid., 169. Modeste bore children for American planter William CARUTHERS and an unknown DE LA HOUSSAYE. She was later the longterm concubine of Alexandre LEMELLE, quarteron libre, captain of the mulâtre milita of the Attakapas District during the War of 1812, native of the Opelousas District, son of François LEMELLE or LEMESLE and his mulâtresse esclave named Léonore. Her descendants are in Louisiana and Haiti and are surnamed ROCHON, MARCHAND, DE LA HOUSSAYE, ABAT or ABATTE, BOISDORÉ, LAFONTAINE, DE PENNE, PINEAU, AUBRY, and BENOÎT.
21.	↑	Delphine is likely the wife of Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, mentioned above in reference 1. Delphine “Adèle” CHAUVET, also known as Delphine CHAUVETTE was born circa 1807 in St. Martinville to French-born Jacques CHAUVET and Charlotte, négresse affranchie. On 9 Mr 1819, Jacques CHAUVET willed $2,000 to Charlotte and remainder of his estate to her children: Michel, Delphine, Charlotte, and François. Chauvet was a native of St-Germain in Poitou, France (SM Cth Estates b1 #323). At St. Martinville, she married 30 Nov 1833 Alexandre-Charles FRANÇOIS, mulâtre libre, son of Raymond FRANÇOIS dit Marc of France and Magdeleine, négresse affranchie (SM Ch v 7 #267).
22.	↑	Antoine DUBUCLET, quarteron libre, was born circa 1774 in New Orleans to French-born Joseph Antoine DAUTERIVE du Buclet and Marie Félicité GRAVIER, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans, spouse of Jean-Baptiste-Honoré DESTRÉHAN – griffe libre. Jean-Baptiste-Honoré and Félicité married 7 Jun 1789 in New Orleans. Witnesses were Antonio XIMÉNEZ, Vicente LLORCA, and CALANDRO (SLC m3 p 7). The HONORÉ family of Pointe-Coupée, Bâton Rouge, and Iberville Parishes descend from Antoine’s half-siblings. Antoine married Rosalie BELLY, also known as Rose BELLY, mulâtresse libre, daughter of Pierre BELLY of France and Marie-Rose, négresse libre of the Nago nation, all residents of the Iberville District. Antoine’s connection to St. Martin Parish was through his father’s wife, Marie Marthe Céleste ST. MARC DARBY, whose brothers resided at the Attakapas District. Antoine died 27 Jan 1828 in Iberville Parish, succession dated 23 Dec 1829 and includes 22 slaves (Iberville Cth Successions #378). “Rosalie Belly, a free woman of color, presents to the court that she is the widow of the late Antoine Dubuclet, to whom she was ‘lawfully married’ and by whom she had eleven children, several of whom are still minors. She further presents that her husband’s estate is substantial, consisting of some community property and some property owned individually by her or her husband. Rosalie Belly Dubuclet, desirous of preserving the rights of her children as well as her own, asks to be confirmed as tutor of her underage children. She also suggests that an ‘under tutor’ be appointed for her minor children under the age of puberty and that the minor children above the age of puberty be allowed to choose their own ‘curator.’ She also asks for an ‘inventory and appraisement’ of the community property and the property of her late husband. Although a related petition indicates that Antoine Dubuclet may have been a man of mixed race, he and his children have been identified as ‘black’ in this petition, because no specific information is provided regarding their color. A related petition reveals that Antoine Dubuclet was a ‘mulatto.'” Source: http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/details.aspx?pid=7591 .
23.	↑	Céleste PEYTAVIN du Riblond, mulâtresse libre, was born circa 1800 in St. Charles Parish to François Charles PEYTAVIN du Riblond of France and Marguerite VILLERÉ, négresse affranchie. In the Avoyelles District, on 20 Jan 1800, Charles PEYTAVIN emancipated 34 year old négresse Marguerite and their 4 month old mulâtresse daughter, Claire-Eulalie. They were the mother and sister of Céleste (Avoyelles Cth Conveyances #360). Charles had emancipated another sibling, the 18 month old mulâtre, Jean-Baptiste-Fortuné, at the Natchitoches Post on 03 Apr 1797 Natchitoches (Natchitoches Cth Conveyances). In St. Charles Parish, Céleste married 29 Sept 1819 Honoré ORSO, mulâtre affranchi, a native of New Orleans, resident of St. Martinville, son of Gianbautista “Jean-Baptiste-Antoine” ORSO of Italy and Françoise LIVAUDAIT or BEAUMONT, négresse esclave (SLBED M2 90).
24.	↑	Probably Euphrosine MASSE, also known as Euphrosine SÉNET or SÉNETTE, négresse libre, born circa 1760 to Jean dit Ingui of the Manéga [Mandinga] nation and Marie of the Sénégal nation. She bore children for John Noah WHITE, a native of Ireland. She is a full sibling of Marianne MACE in the notes below, as well as Victoire MASSE, also called Victoire SÉNET or SÉNETTE, concubine of Andrés HERNÁNDEZ, native of Valladolid, Spain. Acknowledgements to Rodney Sam for helping to detangle this web!
25.	↑	Franchon is likely Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse affranchie, born circa 1730 in New Orleans. She is the mother of the Pierre and Rosette BOUTTÉ in references 8 and 9 above. She bore several children for André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ of France, resident of the Attakapas District near New Iberia. André-Claude,satisfied with services and fidelity, conveyed a postmortem emancipation to the 50 year old négresse, on 30 May 1782. In gratitude, Fanchon promised to be “jusqu’à l’extinction de son maître être aussi soigneuse et fidelle pour ses intérêts que cy devant” (Eng. Trans: as careful and faithful as before until her master’s death) (SM OA Book 3 #13).
26.	↑	François FONDAL or FONDALE, quarteron libre, was born in 1805 in New Orleans to Joseph FONDAL of France and Marie-Louise JEAN-MARIE, femme de couleur libre native of New Orleans. In St. Martinville, he married 12 Sept 1826 Marie Uranie FRANCISQUE, griffe libre, native of St. Martin Parish, daughter of Francisque DE CLOUET, the same one in note 15 above, mulâtre affranchie and Marie-Anne “Nanette” MASSE, négresse libre (SM Ch v 7 #29). He died 14 Feb 1853 at age 45 (SM Ch v 5 p 218).
27.	↑	Joseph FONDAL or FONDALE, de couleur libre, was born 13 Aug 1831 in St. Martin Parish, and baptized 15 Mar 1832. His parents were François FONDAL, quateron libre of New Orleans (see note above) and Marie Uranie FRANCISQUE, griffe libre (her father is Francisque DE CLOUET in note 15 above). Sponsors were Édouard ROCHON and Marie POYNON [sic] [POIGNON], gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 8 #170). In St. Martinville, he married on 28 Dec 1854 his first cousin [2nd degree consanguinity] Émilie FRANCISQUE, de couleur libre, daughter of Charles dit Pétion FRANCISQUE DE CLOUET, griffe libre and Marie-Françoise CASTILLE, quarteronne libre, all gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 9 #121). He married (2) 17 Feb 1883 Eulalie Charlotte BOUTTÉ (SM Ch v 10 p 467). He fathered a child with Agnès MITCHELL. Eulalie BOUTTÉ died 31 Jan 1931, age 100, widow of Joseph FONDAL (LA Deaths #3847; name: Ilalie BOUTET).
28.	↑	André FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, was born a slave circa 1784 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. In St. Martinville, on 7 Sept 1818, Marie Nanette [Fontenette] – f.p.c., out of love and affection for her mother, Julie, a slave belonging to Marie Nanette [Fontenette], and because of the faithful service which Julie rendered to Marie’s late brother, André, son of Julie, Marie Nanette by this act grants freedom to her mother. Marie Nanette [Fontenette] stated that before he died her brother André [Fontenette] – f.p.c, had bought Julie, his mother, from Jacques Fontenette with the intention of manumitting her; however, André died before this could be accomplished. Now Marie Nanette [Fontenette], sole heir of André [Fontenette], manumits Julie (SM Cth Conveyances v 1B # 3626). He fathered children with Marianne GRÈVEMBERG, esclave négresse belonging to Euphrosine BOISDORÉ, widow of GRÉVEMBERG. At St. Martinville, on 2 Mar 1816, Euphrosine BOISDORÉ, widow of GRÉVEMBERG, sold to André FONTENETTE, free mulatto, whose bondsman was Petit Viltz (also a free mulatto), the 3 griffe children of Euphrosine’s slave, Mariane, namely André (age 12), Clarisse (7), and Valsin (2), for the purpose of manumitting them. Price: $900, 1/3 paid, 2/3 to be paid in a year (Conrad, Doomsday, 223). On 26 Aug 1817, André FONTENETTE, paid off what he owed on the aforementioned debt (Ibid., 283). He served as a corporal in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
29.	↑	Adéline FONTENETTE, griffonne affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE, was born circa 1803 to unknown and Marie Louise Magdeleine FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE (sister to André in note 24 above). Adéline died 21 Jul 1827 at her place on Isle à Labbé (outside of St. Martinville), buried 22 Jul 1827 in parish cemetery (SM Ch v 4 #1859). She bore children for Hyacinthe FONTENETTE, mulâtre esclave belonging to Jacques FONTENETTE.
30.	↑	Héloïse FONTENETTE, also spelled Éloïse FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie from Jacques FONTENETTE, was born a slave circa 1800 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. Éloïse is a sister of André FONTENETTE in note 23 and Magdeleine FONTENETTE in note 25 above. She bore children for (1) Maurice ABAT, a merchant from New Orleans, (2) Honoré DARTÈS – mulâtre libre of St. Martin Parish, son of Jean d’HARTESSE of France and unknown, and (3) unknown WILTZ. She died 28 Jun 1833 at 35 years old (SM Ch v 5 p 28).
31.	↑	François Zénon FONTENETTE, also known as Zénon FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, was born a slave circa 1778 to Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish, also known as Jacques FONTENETTE and Santiago FONTENETTE, and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie, formally a slave of Jacques FONTENETTE. He is not known to have married and have natural children. He is mentioned as an heir of his full brother, Charles dit Pétion FONTENETTE, mulâtre affranchi, who died 7 Sept 1839 in St. Martin Parish. Pétion’s succession is dated 13 Feb 1840 and petitioners included: Joseph FONTENETTE, his brother who resided in St. Mary Parish; Marie-Louise FONTENETTE, his mother and resident of said parish; Zénon FONTENETTE, his brother, also a resident of said parish; Pierre “Pierrot” FONTENETTE, his brother, also a resident of St. Mary Parish; Hortense [Caroline-Hortance dite Pouponne] FONTENETTE, his sister, wife of Philippe “Petit” WILTZ, residents of St. Martin Parish; sisters Geneviève and Nanette FONTENETTE, both unmarried and residents of said parish; and nephews Norbert ABAT, Leufroy WILTZ, and Honoré DARTÈS, children of his deceased sister, Éloïse FONTENETTE. André is not included because he was already deceased at the death of his mother, and his children were never legitimated in civil or parochial marriage with Marianne GRÉVEMBERG (SM Cth Successions #901). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
32.	↑	André FOURNIER, also known as Jacques-André FOURNIER and Jacques FOURNIER, quarteron libre, was born circa 1770 in New Orleans to André FOURNIER of France and Françoise LOUIS, also known as Françoise HARANG, mulâtresse libre. He fathered children with Charlotte “Chalinette” DE CLOUET mentioned in note 12 above, also known as Charlotte LEISSARD and Charlotte LAYSSARD, quarteronne libre, daughter of (probable) Joseph Alexandre François Chevalier DE CLOUET, also known as Alexandre DE CLOUET, and (certain) Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie from Alexandre DE CLOUET. Succession of Jacques FOURNIER dated Nov 1821 (Opél Cth Successions #245). Succession of Charlotte DE CLOUET dated 18 Aug 1851 (SM Cth Successions #1300).
33.	↑	Françoise Azélie FRILOT, quarteronne libre, also known as Azélie FRILOT or Asélie FRILOT, was born circa 1809, probably in New Orleans, to Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie in note 9 above. In Franklin, she married 24 Jul 1828 Honoré OLIVIER, quarteron libre of La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia, son of Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin of Trois-Rivières, Québec, and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans (Franklin Cth Marriages #428). Parochial matrimony took place at what is now St. Martin de Tours Catholic Church in St. Martinville, on 4 Aug 1828. Witnesses were: her brother, Aimé [Philippe-Aimé] FRILOT; Jean ROCHON, Jean LACOSTE, Alexandre LEMELLE, Honoré ORSO, and Vincent ARNEAUD [Joseph Vincent ARNAUD], her sister Arthémise FRILOT’s concubine (SM Ch v 7 #87).
34.	↑	Carmésile Carmélite FRILOT, quarteronne libre, was born at La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia on 12 Jan 1813 and baptized 28 Jun 1817. She was a niece of Françoise Azélie FRILOT in note 29 above, a grand-niece to Pierre BOUTTÉ and Rosette BOUTTÉ in notes above, and great-granddaughter to Fanchon in note 21. Her parents were François FRILOT, quarteron libre of La Côte-aux-Puces and Rose-Aimée BOUGÈRE, quarteronne libre. Baptismal sponsors were uncle Ursin FRILOT and her maternal grandmother, Séraphine (SM Ch v 7 #175). In St. Martinville, she married 19 Jan 1828 Casimir OLIVIER, quarteron libre, son of Charles OLIVIER de Vézin of Trois-Rivières, Québec and Magdeleine LACOSTE, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans. Witnesses were Alexandre LEMELLE [note 17], Charles BOISDORÉ [note 17], Jean ROCHON, Jean-Baptiste-Cazemir [note 11], all gens de couleur libres (SM Ch v 7 #74).
35.	↑	François FRILOT, quarteron libre, was born at La Côte-aux-Puces near New Iberia in 1785 to Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie in note 9 above. He fathered children with sisters Rose-Aimée BOUGÈRE and Charlotte BOUGÈRE, both quarteronnes libres, daughters of Georges BOUGÈRE or BOUGIÈRE and Séraphine, mulâtresse libre. François died 1 Mar 1854 (NI Ch v 1 p 34).
36.	↑	Pélagie FUSELIER, also known as Félicité Pélagie FUSELIER and Pélagie GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre, was born 9 Feb 1772 in St. Martin Parish, and baptized 13 Jul 1772. Her parents were Guillaume FUSELIER, mulâtre libre and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre, both from the Attakapas District. Baptismal sponsors were Pierre, probably Stix, nègre esclave belonging to Mr. [Gabriel] FUSELIER, and Ludivine, mulâtresse esclave also belonging to Gabriel FUSELIER (SM Ch v 1 p 24). She bore children for Charles “Charlot” SCADRON alias ST. PIERRE, also known as Charles ESCADRON, native of Illinois. His succession was dated 10 Dec 1838 (Laf Cth Succession #359).
37.	↑	Possibly Geneviève JEAN-LOUIS, négresse affranchie, daughter of Jean-Louis, nègre affranchi of the Congo nation, was born circa 1786. In 1893, Jean-Baptiste BROUSSARD sold Jean-Louis, nègre, his freedom for 400 pesos [self-purchase for freedom]. Source: Hall, free database, line 1753. On 1st Mar 1808, Jean-Louis purchased his daughter Geneviève, from Amant [Édouard Armand] BROUSSARD, in which document Jean-Louis stipulated that Geneviève would earn her freedom upon his death. Source: ibid., line 3162, found in Conrad, Doomsday, v 2, pt 1, p 71. Jean-Louis died 11 Apr 1834.
38.	↑	Alexandre dit Célestin GRÉVEMBERG, also known as Célestin GRÉVEMBERG, quarteron libre, was born circa 1772 [probably in the Attakapas District], and baptized 9 May 1799. His parents were (one of the GRÉVEMBERG brothers of Lac Flamand/Spanish Lake) and Marie-Jeanne, mulâtresse affranchie [note 28]. He was a half-brother of Charlotte “Chalinette” DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre. Baptismal sponsors were Alexandre DE CLOUET fils and Louise DE CLOUET (Opél Ch v 1a p 30). He fathered children with Marinette LÉDÉ, griffonne libre from St. Martin Parish, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi from Jean-François LÉDÉ of France and Thérèse, négresse affranchie, emancipated by Louis LÉDÉ. Succession dated 20 Sept 1841 (SM Cthse marriage #1141). He served as a sergeant in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
39.	↑	Pierre GUILLAUME, also known as Pierre FUSELIER, mulâtre libre, was born circa 1776 in the Attakapas District, and was baptized 31 Mar 1777. His parents were Guillaume FUSELIER, mulâtre libre and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre, both from the Attakapas District. He was a full sibling to Félicité Pélagie FUSELIER in note 32 above. Baptismal sponsors were Pierre – mulâtre libre and Françoise – esclave (Opél Ch v 1A p 11).
40.	↑	Possibly Joseph GUILLORY, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave in circa 1769 . la Mobile to Jean Joseph Grégoire GUILLORY, also known as Gregorio GUILLORY, native of Mobile, Alabama, and his négresse affranchie, Marguerite, also known as Margarita, negra. Gregorio began proceedings to emancipate Margarita, negra, and 2 mulato children on 31 Dec 1770. It was rejected in New Orleans but granted in 1782. Source: Orleans, Notorial Acts, Almonaster y Roxas, #203; Louisiana Historical Quarterly XV, 545; Hall, free database, lines 181-83. See the 1777 census of the Attakapas and Opelousas Districts, also: his older siblings, Jean-Baptiste and Catherine, mulâtres, are in the household of Jean-Baptiste GUILLORY. Joseph fathered children with Marie DE LA VIGNE, de couleur libre. He married 19 Apr 1803 Louise CHEVAL MEUILLON, mulâtresse libre. Louise’s father was Jean Baptiste CHEVAL, also known as Jean Baptiste MEULLION, mulâtre affranchi from St. Charles Parish, freed from Louis Augustin MEUILLON in 1770. Her mother, Angélique, négresse affranchie, was also from St. Charles Parish, and also formerly a slave of Louis Augustin MEUILLON (Opel Ch v 1 p 164). Joseph’s succession is dated 3 Jul 1854 (Opel Cth Successions #1840).
41.	↑	In 1893, Jean-Baptiste BROUSSARD sold Jean-Louis, nègre, his freedom for 400 pesos [self-purchase for freedom] (SM Cth Conveyances b14 #112). He fathered children with négresses esclave of Édouard Armand BROUSSARD and Simon BROUSSARD.
42.	↑	Baptiste KERLÉGAND, also known as Jean Baptiste DE KERLÉGAND, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1805 in St-Louis, Missouri or Sainte-Geneviève, Illinois to Louis GUIHO de Kerlégand of Martinique and Félicité KERLÉGAND, négresse esclave belonging to Jean-René GUIHO de Kerlégand. He married (1) 14 Aug 1833 Marie Lucille Alice FRILOT, quarteronne libre of La Côte-aux-Puces, daughter of Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi of New Orleans and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse affranchie. Alice was a sibling of François FRILOT in note 31 above (SM Ch v 7 #256). He married (2) 27 Jul 1835 Florence OZENNE – mulâtresse libre, daughter of Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette DE BLANC, griffe affranchie (SM Ch v 7 #337). He married (3) 4 Dec 1869 Lucille ST. JULIEN, daughter of Tréville ST. JULIEN and Louisa (SM Ch v 10 #123).
43.	↑	Charles LAVILLEBŒUVRE is Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi, formerly a slave of Jeanne DARBY, wife of Commandant Jean Louis Fidèle “Juan” FARAULT de la Villebœuvre, was born circa 1750 to unknown parents. His partner was Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse esclave belonging to François DÉCUIR. On 15 Feb 1790, in New Orleans, Juan DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE emancipated María, negra, age 45, for much love, affection and good services (Orleans Parish, Notarial Acts, Pédesclaux Papers # 80). Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE was emancipated in the Attakapas District in 1799 by Jeanne DARBY, veuve Jean Louis Fidèle FARAULT de la Villebœuvre (SM Cth Conveyance b19 #54).
44.	↑	Émérente LAVILLBAUF is Émérente CARRIÈRE, also called Emerentiana in Spanish language documents, and Émérente CHARLES, griffonne affranchie was born Aug 1798, baptized 13 Oct 1799 at age 14 months. Her parents were Charles CARRIÈRE, mulâtre affranchi above in previous note, and Marie-Marthe DE LA VILLEBŒUVRE, négresse affranchie, same mentioned in previous note (SM Ch BC #421). She bore children 2 children for Godefroy DÉCUIR, brother of Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR mentioned previously, sons of François DÉCUIR and Marie Magnon LABBÉ, both of Pointe-Coupée and residents of the Attakapas District.
45.	↑	Pierre LAVIOLETTE fils, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave circa 1786 in New Orleans to Pierre LAVIOLETTE père and Françoise LIVAUDAIT, also called Françoise BEAUMONT and Francisca BEAUMONT, négresse affranchie, native of Africa. Pierre fils’s half brother was Honoré ORSO (see note above). He married in New Orleans (1) Arthémise CARRIÈRE, négresse libre of New Orleans, daughter of Noël CARRIÈRE, Captain of the Negro Militia of New Orleans, and Marianne THOMAS, both nègres libres native to New Orleans. The CARRIÈREs are discussed in several studies: Emily Clark, The Strange History of the American Quadroon: Free Women of Color in the Revolutionary Atlantic World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 71-95; Kimberly S. Hanger, Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial Society, 1769-1803 (Raleigh: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 51, 74, 94-95, 121-130. He married in St. Martinville (2) 5 Feb 1840 Cécile LÉDÉ, griffe libre, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre libre (see note below) and Clémence, négresse esclave (SM Ch v 8 #156).
46.	↑	Jean-François LÉDÉ, griffe affranchi was born c. 1782 to Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi from Jean-François LÉDÉE of France, and Thérèse, négresse affranchie from the same owner. See next note for more.
47.	↑	Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi was born a slave in c. 1750 and baptized 8 Jan 1766. His parents were (presumed) Jean-François LÉDÉE of France, his owner, also called François LÉDÉ, and Jean-François’s négresse esclave Françoise. Baptismal sponsors were Jean-Baptiste, nègre and Françoise, négresse (SM Ch v 1 p 16). Jean-François LÉDÉE of France’s 1785 last will and testament states: Item 22: I give to my mulatto named Louis his liberty without any restrictions after my death in recognition of his faithful service since childhood. Item 23: In virtue of his freedom, I intend that Louis buy and free his five children by my negress Thérèse (age 35), to whit: Louison (10), Françoise (7), Thérèze (6), Jean-François (4), and Marinette (2). Louis is to receive 2,000 piastres. Item 24: I want Louis to buy my negress slave Françoise. Source: “Marriage Conracts, Wills & Testaments of the Spanish Colonial Period in New Orleans, 1770-1804” trans. by Charles R. Maduelle, Jr., the following under wills & testaments: Juan Francisco LEDE, Mar. 11, 1785, Orleans Parish, Notarial Acts, Fernando RODRÍGUEZ papers, v 4, p 2176; Jean-François’s succession is dated 1785 and filed in St. Martinville, containing the aforementioned will and testament (SM Cth OA v 4½ #67). In 1785, Solomon MALINES, executor of the will of François LÉDÉE, manumitted Louis for good and faithful services (SM Cth OA v 4 #92). Louis fathered children with Thérèse, négresse affranchie from Jean-François LÉDÉE. He also fathered children with Clémence, négresse esclave belonging to Gustave and Balthasar DE LA HOUSSAYE (same brothers mentioned in note 19 above). Louis’s last will and testament are dated 27 Aug 1814 (SM Cth Successions #163 missing from Courthouse). Succession dated 1 Jul 1834 (Second Will and Testament included: SM Cth Successions #759). On 4 May 1796 Louis LÉDÉE declared that he received from Ignace FERNÁNDEZ Y VALESCO the sum of 234 piastres which FERNÁNDEZ loaned him from the estate of François LÉDÉE for the purpose of buying the liberty of his wife and children. LÉDÉE promised to repay the sum at the end of 1796. Louis DE CLOUET acted as surety for LÉDÉE (SM Cth OA v 18 #4). On 7 Sept 1815, Balthazard and Gustave DE LA HOUSSAYE sold to Louis LÉDÉE a mulatto named Henry (age 3) and a mulatto girl (10 months, no doubt Marie Cécile LÉDÉ, wife of Pierre LAVIOLETTE in note 42). Price: $300 (Conrad, Conveyances Records of the Attakapas Country*, vol 2 pt 1). On 28 Aug 1819, Balthasar DE LA HOUSSAYE sold to Louis LÉDÉ, de couleur libre, a 3 year old négrillon named Alexandre for 400 piastres (SM Cth OA v 33 #3932). In total, Louis fathered 5 children with Thérèse (Louison, Françoise Louise “La petite,” Thérèze, Jean-François, and Marinette), 4 children with Clémence (Jean, Henry, Marie Cécile, Narcisse Julien) and 1 son named Louis with a slave named Clarisse. Through them, all of the BONNETs, GATHEs, JOLIVETTEs, New Iberia’s COLLETTEs, Grand Marais’s DE LA HOUSSAYEs and LÉDETs, and some of the SÉNÉGALs, BOUTTÉs, and many others, all descend from Louis LÉDÉ.
48.	↑	Thérèze LÉDÉ, also spelled Thérèse, griffonne affranchie from her father Louis LÉDÉ in note above, was born circa 1780. No known children or marriages.
49.	↑	Victoire LEMELLE, also Victoire LEMEL, quarteronne affranchie, was born a slave circa 1780 in the Opelousas District to (presumed) François LEMELLE, III, and his mulâtresse esclave Léonore. Emancipation date unknown, but Léonore was in François LEMELLE’s slave inventory in the 1777 census, as was Victoire’s brother, Bertrand. Possibly emancipated after the deaths of her/their masters, François LEMELLE and Charlotte Christine LABBÉ: Charlotte L’ABBÉ died 10 Dec 1787 at age 62 (Opel Ch v 1 p 3). Succession dated 18 Jul 1789 (LSAR: Opél 1789). François LEMELLE, III died 18 Sept 1789 (Opel Ch v 1 p 12). Successions dated 12 Dec 1789 (LSAR Opél 1789); and 14 Dec 1789; lists 3 children (LSU Archives Opél #15). Last Will and Testament dated 16 Jul 1789 (LSU-E Opél 1789). Victoire bore one child for Colonel Francisco CASO Y LUENGO, Commandant of the Attakapas District, native of Viscaye, Kingdom of Navarre, Spain.
50.	↑	Possibly Louison LÉDÉ, also known as Louise and Lise, griffonne affranchie was born a slave circa 1775 to Louis LÉDÉ, mulâtre affranchi and Thérèse, négresse affranchie (see note for Louis LÉDÉ above). She married Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also called Louis BONNET, mulâtre libre, son of Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse libre.
51.	↑	Without a doubt, Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie, formerly a slave of André MASSE of Grenoble, France, an early trader among Native Americans, was born circa 1735, probably in Senegambia or Guinea. She bore many children for a mysterious Pierre MASSE. She, along with the dozen of other slaves belonging to MASSE, half from West Africa, half Creoles, were the very first community of freed slaves in southwest Louisiana (1760s-1770s). Lisette and Pierre’s children were: Magdeleine (mulâtresse or griffe), Françoise (mulâtresse or griffe), Louis “Dauphiné” (mulâtre or griffe), Pierre “Bonhomme” (nègre), Claude (nègre), Dominique (nègre), Marie-Anne “Nanette” (négresse) and Jean-François (nègre).
52.	↑	See note for Lise Bonhomme MACE
53.	↑	Possibly Ludivine “Divine” WILTZ, mulâtresse affranchie from Louis VEILLON fils, who was born in 1818 in St. Martin Parish to Charles WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, and Rose VEILLON, esclave. Divine married 8 May 1851 Jacques RENEAUD, quarteron libre, son of Dominique RENEAUD of France and Eulalie GUIDRY – de couleur libre (SM Ch v 8 #408).
54.	↑	Lisette Bonhomme MACE, also known as Lise MASSE and Lisette MASSE, griffe libre, was born circa 1793 to Pierre “Bonhomme” MASSE and Marianne-Marguerite MASSE (see note for Marianne MACE below). She married 4 May 1819 her 1st cousin, Jean-Baptiste MORALES, de couleur libre, son of Juan MORALES of the Canary Islands and Françoise MASSE, mulâtresse libre. Witnesses were Émile ROUSILLON, Louis DUSOUCHET, Joseph Fortuné DE PENN[E], Noël [MORALES] – bride’s brother, Magadeleine MORALES – groom’s sister (SM Ch v 6 #145).
55.	↑	Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, mulâtre or griffe libre, was born a slave circa 1760 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse, slaves of André MASSE of Grenoble, France. Probably freed by private act between 1762 and 1771. He fathered children with Louison LÉDÉ – griffonne libre, daughter of Louis LÉDÉ – mulâtre affranchi and Thérèse – négresse affranchie, both former slaves of Jean-François LÉDÉ of France. Their descendants use both MASSE and BONNET surnames, in addition to GATHE and its many derivatives.
56.	↑	Jean Louis “Coco” MASSE, also known as Jean-Louis BONNET, Jean-Louis BONNIN, and Louis MASSE fils, de couleur libre was born circa 1798. He fathered children with two twin sisters, (1) Arthémise GATHE and (2) Émilie GATHE, daughters of Christophe GATHE of Kolmans, Germany and Marie Magdeleine TAYLOR of Hagerstown, Pennsylvania, residing at Le Pont de la Butte, St. Martin Parish. Coco and the 2 sisters inhabited the same dwelling in an area between Breaux Bridge and Lafayette named for him: Cocoville. Alexandre BARDE discusses white attitudes about Coco’s open relationship with 2 white sisters with whom he fathered at least 20 children. Further information can be found in his War of 1812 pension application.
57.	↑	Marianne MACE, also known as Marianne-Marguerite MASSE and Marguerite MASSE, négresse esclave, was born in 1741 to Jean dit Ingui, nègre of the Manéga [Mandinga] nation and Marie, négresse of the Sénégal nation; all 3 slaves of Mr. [André] MASSE. Marianne was baptized 5 Jun 1756 at age 15 yrs old (SM Ch v 1 p 2). This could also be Marianne-Marguerite’s daughter, Marianne SAZÉMÉ, griffe sauvagesse, born circa 1775 to Sazémé, an Indian, and Marianne-Marguerite. Marianne SAZÉMÉ bore 5 children for Canary Islander, Juan MORALES, who also fathered children with sisters Françoise and Magdeleine MASSE, mulâtresses affranchies, sisters of Dauphiné and Bonhomme discussed above. Jean dit Ingui married Marie on 7 Jun 1756 in the Attakapas District (SM Ch Marriage v 1 #1).
58.	↑	Thérèse MACE, also spelled Thérèse MASSE and known as Marie-Thérèse BONNET and Marie-Thérèse BONNIN, de couleur libre, was born circa 1797, and baptized in 1800. Her parents were Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all de couleur libres (SM Ch BC v 1 #500). She bore children for (1) André GATHE, son of Christophe GATHE of Germany and Marie Magdeleine TAYLOR of Pennsylvania; and for unknown MOUTON.
59.	↑	Zénon MACE, also spelled Zénon MASSE, nègre affranchi, was born circa 1771 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie. He was a full sibling of Bonhomme, Dauphiné, Magdeleine, Françoise, and Jean-François MASSE. He died in 1812 with no known marriages or children (SM Ch v 1S p 452).
60.	↑	Probably Céleste MASSE, also known as Céleste BONNET and Céleste BONNIN, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1800 and baptized in 1800. Her parents were Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all de couleur libres (SM Ch BC v 1 #501). She was the concubine of François SÉNÉGAL, her first cousin once removed, son of François RENÉ and Françoise GUILLAUME, all 3 mulâtres libres.
61.	↑	Jean-François MASSE, nègre affranchi, was born circa 1769 to Pierre MASSE and Lisette MASSE, négresse affranchie. No known marriages or children.
62.	↑	Possibly Jean-Baptiste MORALES, de couleur libre, was born circa 1793 and was baptized in 1795. His parents were Juan MORALES of the Canary Islands and Marianne SAZÉMÉ, griffe sauvagesse libre (SM Ch Baptêmes de couleur v 1 #175).
63.	↑	Either: Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre, who was born circa 1774 to Guillaume FUSELIER and Françoise MASSE, both mulâtres affranchis. She bore children for (1) Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET, son of Alexandre Chevalier DE CLOUET and Louise DE FAVROT; (2) Ursulo OLIBEROS, known in Francophone documents as Ursul OLIVIER, quarteron libre of Havanna, Cuba, son of Antonio OLIBEROS of Seville, Spain, also known as Antoine OLIVIER, and Juana Josefa DEL CASTILLO of Havanna, Cuba, also known as Jeanne Josèphe CASTILLE. Or, Céleste GUILLAUME and Neuville DE CLOUET’s daughter: Marie NEUVILLE, quarteronne libre, who was born circa 1794. She married 11 Sept 1809 Jean-Baptiste BOULRIS, métis of Mobile, Alabama, son of Nicolas BOULRIS of Canada and Marie-Magdeleine SABOURDIN, a sauvagesse. Witnesses were Jean-Antoine GARIGON, Henry PEINTARD, Hyacinthe JACQUET, GARRIGUES de Fleaujac (SM Ch v 5 #162). Marie died 13 May 1854 at age 60 in Charenton (Charenton Ch v 1 p 15).
64.	↑	Charles Préféré DE CLOUET, also known as Préféré NEUVILLE and Préféré DE CLOUET or DÉCLOUETTE, quarteron libre, was born circa 1800 to Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. He married 3 Sept 1827 his 1st cousin Aspasie SCADRON, also known as Aspasie ESCADRON, quarteronne libre, daughter of Charles SCADRON alias ST. PIERRE, native of Illinois and Félicité Pélagie GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. Witnesses were Jean-Baptiste PRAT, Alexandre LEMELLE, Jean ROCHON. Couple legitimized Balthasar, quarteron libre, born 25 May 1825 (SM Ch v 7 #60).
65.	↑	Hyacinthe NEUVILLE, also known as Hyacinthe DE CLOUET, quarteronne libre, was born circa 1802 to Balthasar Neuville DE CLOUET and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. No known marriages nor children.
66.	↑	Ursin NORMAND, also known as Charles Ursin LE NORMAND, de couleur libre, was born circa 1791 in New Orleans to Pierre Marin LE NORMAND and Jeanne Charlotte BROUTIN, quarteronne libre of New Orleans (see note for Charlotte BROUTIN above). He fathered one son with Louise Modeste CHAMPAGNE, daughter of Pierre CHAMPAGNE and Geneviève LAMBERT of St. Charles Parish. He married 29 Nov 1823 Marie-Louise-Adéline LE SASSIER, quarteronne libre of St. Charles Parish but resident of St. Landry Parish, daughter of Jean LE SASSIER and Eléonore RILLIEUX, all gens de couleur libres (Opel Ch). Ursin died 23 Feb 1845 at age 62 (Opel Ch v 2 p 43). Succession dated 27 Dec 1854 (SM Cth Successions #1451).
67.	↑	Scholastique Julie OLIBEROS, also known as Julie FUSELIER and Julie OLIVIER, quarteronne libre, was born 10 Feb 1809 to Ursulo OLIBEROS of Havana, Cuba, and Céleste GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre. She was baptized 10 Jan 1809. Baptismal sponsors were [her grandfather] Guillaume FUSELIER and [half sister] Hyacinthe DE CLOUET (SM Ch v 6 #929). She bore children for (1) Alexandre-Narcisse JEAN-PIERRE, also known as Alexandre-Narcisse SÉNETTE, de couleur libre of New Orleans, son of Jean-Pierre SÉNETTE – quarteron affranchi and unknown; (2) Louis Joseph JOURNÉE, mulâtre libre, son of Pierre JOURNÉE of Môle Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Domingue, and Eugénie PROVOST, both mulâtres libres.
68.	↑	Zénon DUBREUIL OLIVIER, also known as Zénon OLIVIER, quarteron libre, was born in 1790 in New New Orleans to Hugues Charles Honoré Dugué OLIVIER de Vézin de St. Maurice of Trois-Rivières, Quebec and Adélaïde DUBREUIL, mulâtresse libre of New Orleans. He married 14 Apr 1812 Marie-Modeste FRILOT, quarteronne libre, daughter of Claude FRILOT dit St. Éloi and Rosette BOUTTÉ, mulâtresse libre, residents of La Côte-aux-Puces (SM Ch v 5 #256). Served as sergeant in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET. He also declared receiving a pension for his service: see page 37.
69.	↑	François OZENNE, quarteron libre, was born circa 1812, and baptized 31 Aug 1817. His parents were Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie. Baptismal sponsors were Ursin OZENNE and Émélite DESCUIRS, épouse à Hilaire DESCOUX (SM Ch v 7 #197). He died 20 Mar 1832 at age 19 (SM Ch v 5 p 14 #8).
70.	↑	Léocadie OZENNE [twin sister is Florence] – quarteronne libre was born 13 Feb 1812, baptized in 1813. His parents were Joseph François OZENNE and Marie-Chalinette dit DE BLANC, griffe affranchie. She was a full sibling of François OZENNE in the note above. Baptismal sponsors were Martin AUBRY and Eulalie FORCELLE (SM Ch BC #488). She married 28 Dec 1839 Célestin William CARUTHERS, also known as Célestin WILLIAM, quarteron libre, son of William CARUTHERS and Marie-Jeanne CARRIÈRE, mulâtresse libre (SM Ch v 8 #151).
71.	↑	Lucille OZENNE, quarteronne affranchie, was born circa 1793 in the Attakapas District to Jacques-François OZENNE and Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave belonging to Jean-Pierre DÉCUIR. She married 19 Nov 1811 Martin AUBRY, quarteron libre of New Orleans, son of Martin AUBRY and Marguerite-Cécile [VILLERÉ, affranchie of St. Charles Parish]. Witnesses were Pierre CUVELIER, Louis CHEMIN, Peter REGNIER, Charles [CARRIÈRE?] – mulâtre libre (SM Ch v 5 #228).
72.	↑	Probably Marie Chalinette, mulâtresse esclave, mother of Lucille OZENNE in above note, and Clémence [OZENNE] in note 15.
73.	↑	Either: Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père, mulâtre affranchi, who was born circa 1778 to André-Claude dit Lalime BOUTTÉ and Philomène Françoise “Fanchon,” négresse affranchie (see note for Fanchon above). He married 12 May 1828 Marie-Antoinette, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of unknown and Jeanne “Jeanette,” négresse libre. Witnesses were Honoré ORSO, Honoré OLIVIER, Aimé FRILOT, all hommes de couleur libres (SM Ch v 7 #84). On 5 May 1802, the griffe slave Antoinette, aged 30 years, petitioned her master, Antoine BOUTTÉ (Philippeau’s older half-brother), to purchase the freedom of herself, and her 3 daughters: Henriette (age 6), Adélaïde (4) and Céleste (2) (SM OA Book 21). Marie-Antoinette died 1 Jun 1828 at age 50 (SM Ch v 4 #1905). He died 28 Oct 1838; succession dated 20 Dec 1838 (Franklin Cth Succession #387).
74.	↑	Marie-Louise PHILIPPOT, known more commonly as Marie-Louise BOUTTÉ, de couleur libre, was born circa 1802 to Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père, and Marie-Antoinette, both mulâtres affranchis. She married 28 Aug 1817 Jean Baptiste, mulâtre libre, son of unknown and Marianne, négresse libre (SM Ch v 6 #55).
75.	↑	Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ fils, mulâtre libre was born circa 1795 to Philippe “Philippeau” BOUTTÉ père and Marie-Antoinette, both mulâtres affranchis. He married 31 May 1834 Marianne-Pélagie [GRÉGOIRE], griffe sauvagesse, daughter of Grégoire MASSE, griffe sauvage and Marie-Anne-Cécile – sauvagesse Chétimacha. Seven children legitimated (Pierre, Lucille, Céline, Célima, Charles, Françoise, Philippe) (SM Ch v 7 #289). He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET. You can view his pension application here.
76.	↑	Pierre MASSE, the concubine of Lisette MASSE in note 49.
77.	↑	Same as note 62 for Charles NEUVILLE.
78.	↑	Jean Baptiste PRÉVOST, also known as Baptiste PROVOST or PROVÔT, mulâtre libre was born circa 1785 in the Pointe-Coupée District. He married 26 Oct 1802 Judithe LAPOINTE, also known as Judithe DESHÔTELS, mulâtresse libre of the Opelousas District, daughter of Nicolas LAPOINTE of Pointe-Coupée and Marie Barbé DE LA MIRANDE, négresse libre (Opel Ch v 1 p 155).
79.	↑	Probably an undocumented sibling of Baptiste in the note above.
80.	↑	Possibly Rosette MASSE, also known as Rosette BONNET, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1823 to Jean-Louis MASSE, also known as Louis BONNET, and unknown mother. She was the concubine of Pierre PITRE. Rosette died 26 Jan 1884 at age 60 (BB Ch v 2 p 59). Succession dated 24 Sept 1884 (SM Cth Successions #2594).
81.	↑	Louis SEMME, also spelled Louis SEM and Louis SAM, was born circa 1781 to unknown parents, and was freed (with Pierre SAM, nègre) on 14 Dec 1811 by “Magdeleine MASSE, négresse libre, veuve Étienne SAM, mulâtre libre” (SM Cth OA b2). Magdeleine MASSE is a daughter of Lisette above in note 48. Étienne SAM is Étienne Pierre Samuel “Sam” FUSELIER, mulâtre libre, full brother of Guillaume FUSELIER in note 34. Two brothers married 2 MASSE sisters. Louis married Élisabeth “Babet” MASSE, also known as Élisabeth SÉNET or SÉNETTE, femme de couleur libre, on 3 Nov 1836. She was a daughter of unknown and Françoise LÉVEILLÉ, sometimes called Françoise MASSE, négresse libre (Opel Cth Notary b2 #80). Acknowledgements to Rodney Sam for helping to detangle this web, also!
82.	↑	Possibly Marie-Louise RENÉ, also known as Marie-Louise SÉNÉGAL, mulâtresse libre, who was born in 1820 and baptized 18 Jan 1824 at age 4 years (Laf Ch v 1 p 26). Her parents were François SÉNÉGAL, sometimes François RENÉ, mulâtre affranchi, and his cousin, Céleste BONNET, sometimes Céleste MASSE, mulâtresse libre. She bore children for her cousin, Henri BONNET, de couleur libre, son of Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE, sometimes Louis BONNET, and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, both affranchis.
83.	↑	Ernest ST. JULIEN, quarteron esclave, was born Dec 1841 to Paul Léon ST. JULIEN of La Côte Gelée, Lafayette Parish, and Madeleine DE LA HOUSSAYE, mulâtresse esclave. He married 9 May 1872 Alphonsine PINEAU, daughter of Alphonse PINEAU and Marie-Louise-Angélina LEMELLE (SM Ch v 10 #475).
84.	↑	Possibly François SÉNÉGAL, de couleur libre, who was born circa 1805 to François RENÉ, also known as François TRAHAN, mulâtre affranchi, and Françoise GUILLAUME, mulâtresse libre (see note for her above). He fathered children with his 1st cousin once removed, Céleste BONNET, also known as Céleste MASSE, de couleur libre, daughter of Louis BONNET, also known as Louis “Dauphiné” MASSE and Louison “Louise” LÉDÉ, all affranchis. François SÉNÉGAL had a son named Ursin SÉNÉGAL, born in 1835, which leads me to believe that Ursin TRAHAMP below is connected to this family without my knowledge or documentation of his existence. François SÉNÉGAL died 11 Apr 1860 at age 54 (Laf Ch v 4 p 126). Céleste BONNET died 11 Apr 1860 at age 50 (Laf Ch v 4 p 86).
85.	↑	Rosalie “Finette” VITAL, sometimes called Finette GRANDPRÉ, mulâtresse affranchie, was born circa 1808 in the Attakapas District to Carlos VIDAL de Grandpré of Cuba and Charlotte DUBUCLET, négresse esclave. Rosalie and her mother belonged to Clair DAUTERIVE du Buclet (see entry for Antoine DUBUCLET above). She bore children for: (1) Eugène Nicolas PELLERIN de Sainte-Marie, also known as Eugène PELLERIN, son of Louis PELLERIN and Jeanne Julie DÉCOUX. Eugène died 31 Oct 1867. Rosalie bore children for (2) John LEE. She died 12 Aug 1896 at age 96 (NI Ch v 3 p 59).
86.	↑	Charles WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1785, a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST and Anne-Catherine WILTZ. Charles’s parents were Joseph WILTZ (Anne-Catherine’s brother) and a négresse esclave belonging to Armand and Anne-Catherine, named Françoise. At St. Martinville on 5 April 1793, Joseph WISSE purchased from his brother-in-law Louis Armand DUCREST and his wife Catherine WISSE, the following slaves: Françoise (age 38), Moïse (9), Philippe (7), Julie (5), Charles (3), Naserre [Nazaire] (2) for 3,000 pesos (Midlo Hall Slave Database Lines 30630-35). At St. Martinville in 1794 Joseph SWISSE [sic] emancipates the négresse Françoise (age 40), whom SWISSE had purchased from Armand DUCREST on 4 April 1793 (Midlo Hall Free Database Line 1824). He fathered children with Rose VEILLON – esclave belonging to Louis VEILLON fils.
87.	↑	Possibly Charles WILTZ’s older sister: Françoise WILTZ, mulâtresse affranchie from Louis Armand DUCREST, was baptized 24 Nov 1774. Baptismal sponsors were Baptiste LALONDE and Anne Marie-Rose DOZAT (SM Ch v 1 p 43).
88.	↑	Joseph Nazaire WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1782 a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST and Anne-Catherine WILTZ. His parents were Joseph WILTZ (Anne-Catherine’s brother) and the DUCREST-WILTZ négresse esclave named Françoise. Nazaire was a full sibling of Charles and Françoise above. He fathered children with Marie, mulâtresse libre. He died 2 Jun 1856 (SM Ch v 5 p 247). Succession dated 9 Jun 1857 (SM Cth Succession #1565). Notes for Nazaire’s succession: Revealed the four children herein listed below as his natural children and only heirs. Mother’s name not included in document. He served as a private in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
89.	↑	Philippe WILTZ fils, also called Petit WILTZ, mulâtre affranchi, was born circa 1779 a slave of Louis Armand DUCREST.His parents were Philippe WILTZ (Anne-Catherine and Joseph WILTZ’s brother) and the DUCREST-WILTZ négresse esclave named Françoise.At St. Martinville on 5 April 1793, Joseph WISSE purchased from his brother-in-law Louis Armand DUCREST and his wife Catherine WISSE, the following slaves: Françoise (age 38), Moïse (9), Philippe (7), Julie (5), Charles (3), Naserre [Nazaire] (2) for 3,000 pesos (Midlo Hall Slave Database Lines 30630-35). At St. Martinville in 1794 Joseph SWISSE [sic] emancipates the négresse Françoise (age 40), whom SWISSE had purchased from Armand DUCREST on 4 April 1793 (Midlo Hall Free Database Line 1824). He married 23 Feb 1808 Caroline-Hortance “Pouponne” FONTENETTE, also known as Hortance or Hortense FONTENETTE, mulâtresse affranchie, daughter of Jacques BÉNIGNE de Fontenet of St. Charles Parish and Marie-Louise-Julie, négresse affranchie. See notes for André and Zénon FONTENETTE for more on Caroline-Hortance’s siblings and parents. Witnesses were Honoré ORSO, Jean-Antoine GARRIGON, Alexandre [Alexandre-Charles] LANDRY of Switzerland, Hyacinthe JACQUET of France (SM Ch v 5 #114). He served as a corporal in the War of 1812 under Captain Alexandre LEMELLE and General Neuville DE CLOUET.
90.	↑	Zaïre, also known as Marguerite Orté Zaïre DE LA HOUSSAYE, négresse affranchie, was born circa 1753 [likely in New Orleans] to Sorlingue or Sorlingues and Thérèse, all slaves belonging to Paul-Augustin DE LA HOUSSAYE. She bore at least one son for an unknown DE LA HOUSSAYE. On 7 Sep 1816 in St. Martinville, Zaïre, négresse libre of St. Martin Parish, freed her son: Pardevant moi, Paul Briant, Juge de la Paroisse St Martin du comté des Attakapas dans l’Etat de la Louisiane et en présence des témoins ci après nommés et soussignés ; fut présente en personne Zaïre, négresse libre de la dite Paroisse, la quelle a déclaré et confessé qu’en considération de la tendre affection qu’elle a pour son fils mulâtre nommé Isidore, son esclave, le quel est mentionné dans la déclaration ci annexée, et en considération de la bonne conduite qu’il a tenue et des bons et fidèles services qu’il a rendus à ses anciens maîtres et maîtresses, Messieurs et Dames Delahoussaye, ainsi que ceux qu’il lui a rendus et la conduite qu’il a tenue depuis qu’il est son esclave ; Elle l’a affranchi et lui donne la liberté et par ces présentes de son propre et plein gré, elle affranchit et donne la liberté au sus dit mulâtre nommé Isidore, abandonnant et renonçant dès à présent et pour toujours à tous ces droits, prétentions et réclamations sur le dit mulâtre nommé Isidore, voulant et entendant que dorénavant il soit libre. Duhamel, témoin. Zaïre x (sa marque ordinaire), négresse libre. Ls. Lengois, témoin Paul Briant, Juge de la Paroisse St Martin. My trans. into English: Before me, Paul Briant, Judge of St Martin Parish, Attakapas County in the State of Louisiana, in the presence of the witnesses hereinafter named and undersigned; Appeared in person Zaïre, free negress of the said Parish, who, in consideration of the tender affection she has for her mulatto son named Isidore, her slave mentioned in the declaration hereto attached, and in consideration for the good conduct and loyal services to his former masters and mistresses, the Delahoussayes, and in consideration of the comportment he maintained since being her slave; She [Zaïre] emancipated and gives him freedom and herein present of her own free will, she emancipates and gives freedom to the aforementioned mulatto named Isidore, abandoning and renouncing henceforth and forever all rights, expectations and complaints on the said mulatto named Isidiore, wishing and understanding that he be henceforth free. Duhamel, witness. Zaïre x (her ordinary mark). free negress. Ls. Lengois, witness. Paul Briant, St Martin Parish Judge (SM Cth Conveyance b1A p 237 #2987). Marguerite Zaïre dite DE LA HOUSSAYE, femme de couleur libre, died 6 March 1836 at age 106 yrs (SM Ch v 5 p 55 #12). Age highly exaggerated. A suburb of colonial and early national St. Martinville, called Faubourg Zaïre, was named for her.

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Cattle Brands Registered to Free People of Color in the Attakapas District

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